Rucaparib and Bevacizumab‘s bioanalytical evaluation was performed using an easy-to-use, effective, and repeatable LC-MS/MS technique, with D6-Rucaparib and D6-Bevacizumab serving as internal standards. This work provides a summary of current developments in bioanalytical LC-MS/MS techniques using an organic mobile phase consisting of 50:50 formic acid and acetonitrile IN 0.1% as well as a Waters Symmetry C18 column. The results for stability, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, and recovery were all within allowable bounds. To test the targeted analytes in body fluids using pharmacokinetic research, a simple and efficient approach was created. This application included all accuracy, system appropriateness, linearity, and specificity characteristics that were used successfully for pharmacokinetic investigations in rats and that complied well with USFDA guidelines.

Vitex pinnata bark has the ability to scavenge free radicals and has antimicrobial activity, thus accelerating wound healing. The formulation of V. pinnata bark preparations has good organoleptic properties, homogenity, pH, dispersion, and absorption. We studied the acute toxicity of V. pinnata skin cream in Wistar rats according to OECD guidelines 402. Seven nulliparous, non-pregnant female Wistar rats were exposed 2000 mg/kg of body weight. There were no signs of toxicity in any behavioral, necropsy dan histopathological changes. The Globally Harmonized System classified V. pinnata cream extract as category 5 (unclassified) with LD50 more than two thousand mg/kg.

The anticancer drug lurbinectedin was measured in plasma samples using a newly designed and validated LC-ESI-MS/MS method. The drug’s examination was conducted using ledipasvir as the internal standard. Following the liquid liquid extraction of 200 μL of plasma, the samples were separated using a ZorbaxSB (25 0mm x4.6 mm, 5 µm)C18 column. The mobile phase comprised of 0.1 %V/V formic acid and acetonitrile in the fraction of 10:90, and an infusion flow rate was 0.80mL/min. The analytes were eluted in 3.5 minutes total. Using a concentration range of 1.50 to 5000ng/mL of lurbinectedin and a correlation coefficient value of 0.9994, the method was validated in compliance with FDA standard standards. Assay accuracy ranged from 95.31% to 104.06% of the nominal values, and both intra- and inter-day precision results were within 4.32%. For the analyte at the LQC level, the matrix factor varies from 94.25% to 104.85% with a %CV of 4.61, whereas at the HQC level, it ranges from 94.62% to 103.88% with a %CV of 4.02. The results of the stability tests show that the approach is quite stable. Regular analysis in bioavailability, quality control, and bioequivalence investigations of biological matrices may be effectively performed using the established approach.

Emulsions are employed as drug carriers in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly because they can increase the oral bioavailability of poorly absorbed medications.¹ One of the most often used techniques to improve the oral bioavailability of medications, particularly anti-malarial ones, is the use of lipid-based drug delivery. The current research study focuses on using the lipid-based formulation strategy, i.e., self-emulsifying micro emulsions to formulate such anti-malarial drugs and characterise them to study their stability so that the possibility of bioavailability can be studied more. The current research emphasizes on characterisation techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM), turbidity index (%TI) and globule size determination as simpler and industrially implacable techniques to study the stability of the self-emulsifying properties of such formulations. In-order to obtain stable formulations with self-emulsifying behaviour the most important factors like the concentrations of surfactants and co-surfactants were one of the variables which were varied in-order to observe their effect on the overall stability of the microemulsions. This research is a step towards the usage of self-emulsifying microemulsions of anti-malarial drugs, for enhancement of oral bioavailability and encourages other researches to use this formulation strategy to improve bioavailability.

The objective of the present research is to develop, analyze, and evaluate the cytotoxic effects of nanobubbles loaded with irinotecan and sunitinib for colorectal cancer therapy.Drug loaded dextran sulfate nanobubbles were formulated using the emulsification technique and the prepared nanobubbles were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative parameters. Cell viability MTT assay was performed to evaluate the irinotecan and sunitinib loaded nanobubblesfor cytotoxicity or ability to inhibit cell proliferation spectrophotometrically as a function of mitochondrial activity in living CR4 and A-549(irinotecan), CR4 and A-498 (sunitinib) cell lines.The irinotecan and sunitinib loaded nanobubbles were prepared successfully and the evaluated qualitative and quantitative parameters were within in the acceptable range. The in vitro anti colorectal cancer activity of irinotecanperformed on CR4 and A-549 cell lines and IC₅₀ values are found 70.41 and 73.26 µg/ml, respectively, where activity of sunitinib performed on CR4 and A-498 cell lines and IC₅₀ values are found to be 84.34 and 60.08 µg/ml, respectively which show excellent anticancer activity.This result concludes that the prepared irinotecan and sunitinib nanobubbles were prepared with accepted characterizations and have almost no cytotoxic effects on the CR4, A-549, A498 cell lines.

The current study focuses on developing and validating a reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for quantifying metformin HCL (MET) and alogliptin (ALO) in both dosage and bulk drug forms. ALO and MET in tablet form were determined simultaneously using an RP-HPLC technique. The Reverse Phase (Waters) C18 (4.6 mm x 150 mm; 5 µ) column, a 20-injection loop are the components of the gradient system for the RP manufactured by Agilent Technologies. In the procedure, a 50:50 volumetric combination of methanol and water (0.1% acetic acid) was used as the mobile phase at pH 4.5. The developed approach yielded retention times of 3.856 minutes for MET and 6.302 minutes for ALO. The reliability of the established technique was demonstrated in compliance with the International Council of Harmonization (ICH) standards. In general, all of the metrics including linearity, accuracy, range, and robustness, were found to be within the acceptable ranges. Consequently, the methodology was assessed to be simple, precise, cost-effective, and replicable. Hence, the analysis of MET and ALO in both bulk medication and formulated states can be regularly conducted utilising the procedures specified for the purpose of quality control.

Cordia subcordata was subjected for soxhlet extraction using soxhlet apparatus by hydroalcoholic solvent (Ethanol:water; 70:30). The obtained crude extract was subjected to organoleptic properties. The extract was dark greenish or greenish-black in color. The odor of the extract was strong like tamarind. The extract taste was bitter mixed with pungent and the texture was sticky solid. The yield of the extract was 9.1%. It was observed that crude extract contains carbohydrates, reducing sugars, monosaccharides, proteins, amino acids, fats and oil, steroids, cardiac glycosides, saponin glycosides, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. The presence of many phytochemicals in the extract signifies its substantial contribution to various disorders. The crude extract was subjected to column fractionation using various solvents. For column fractionation, we used polar solvents and analyzed the resulting fractions using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to determine the presence of individual or multiple compounds. From TLC analysis, it was observed that the ethanol fraction contains a single compound and therefore same fraction was subjected for HPLC, HPTLC, FTIR, and LC-MS analysis. From HPLC analysis, it was clearly identified that this ethanolic fraction contains chlorogenic acid and it displayed a peak at 8.428 minutes. The HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid. From HPTLC analysis, chlorogenic acid was identified at 0.65 Rf value. From the present investigation, we concluded that this developed method can be used for the isolation of chlorogenic acid from C. subcordata.

The intersection of AI and the pharmaceutical domain represents a fundamental transformation offering novel possibilities to accelerate the drug design and development timeline by enhancing precision in therapeutic modalities. We focused on the amalgamation of these two domains in a strategic view of bringing out the potential and précised drug candidates by overcoming the challenges triggered by traditional formulation methods. Our aim is to thoroughly analyze the diverse applications of AI from its significant contribution to target identification and authentication of its influence on clinical trial optimization. Functioning as an intellectual guide, this systematic review directs readers through the undiscovered area where the zones of artificial intelligence and pharmaceutical sciences collaborate. By acquiring the required information from various studies and methodologies, our systematic review endeavors not only to present a retrospective analysis of AI’s influence but also to provide a forward-thinking perspective on its transformative possibilities.

An optimized Venlafaxine SR tablets formulation, was chosen for in‐vivo study against the commercial marketed Venlafaxine SR formulation. The non-compartmental pharmacokinetic specifications of both reference and standard were determined, after dosing via oral route. The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of optimized Venlafaxine SR tablets was found as 964.66 ± 53.15ng/ml in 5 hr, while Cmax of marketed Venlafaxine SR tablets formulation was found as 872.33 ± 28.43 ng/ml in same time i.e. 5 hr. The Cmax data suggests that absorption of drug in plasma from was in sustained manner from both the formulations, showing typical absorption pattern of SR product. The AUC0-t for optimized and marketed Venlafaxine SR tablets was found to be 12981.63 ± 505.25 and 12023.83 ± 668.29 ng/ml*h, while AUC0-∞ was found to be 13921.51 ± 417.40 and 13099.63 ± 742.21 ng/ml*h, respectively. The PK parameter showed the Tmax and AUC for optimized Venlafaxine SR tablets as compared to its marketed product formulation. Pharmacokinetic parameter clearly suggested prolong release and availability of Venlafaxine in plasma from SR tablets formulation. Overall, the results suggest that the optimized SR formulation of Venlafaxine provides effective extended and controlled drug delivery, highlighting its potential clinical relevance in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.

The aim of this effort is to increase extended pharmaceutical release by systematizing PN elaboration for ME, a novel treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Bioanalysis is an essential part in drug discovery and development. Bioanalysis is related to the analysis of analytes (drugs, metabolites, biomarkers) in biological samples and it involves several steps from sample collection to sample analysis and data reporting. A simple, sensitive, and quick LC-MS technique for quantifying MEM in rat plasma was developed and validated. Chromatography was carried out on a C18 column (4.6 × 75 mm, 3.5 μm). ME and its internal standard, NLB, were extracted by direct protein precipitation and were chosen as the sample treatment method rather than liquid-liquid extraction techniques and evaluated with LC-MS/MS in multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. This approach demonstrated intra- and interday precision in the ranges of 2.1-3.7 and 1.4-7.8%. Furthermore, intra- and interday accuracy ranged from 95.6 to 99.8, and 95.7-99.1%, respectively. MEM and NLB showed mean recovery rates of 86.07 ± 6.87 and 80.31 ± 5.70%, respectively. The stated method was effectively applied in the bioequivalence study of MEM and evaluated its potential for treating Alzheimer’s disease via the nasal route. MEM administered via the nasal route will demonstrate improved bioavailability and efficacy in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease compared to current therapies.

Allicin is chemically known as 3-prop-2-enylsulfinylsulfanylprop-1-ene. It is a volatile compound and poorly soluble in water. With a molecular weight is 162.3 g/mol, it is also known as diallyldisulfi-S-oxide, S-allyl-prop-2-ene-1-sulfinothionate and diallyl thiosulfinate. In the present study pre-formulation studies, UV spectral and fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of allicin was reported.

Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. is an ancient Indian medicinal plant widely used in the treatment of ulcers, wounds, inflammation and pain. The leaves, flowers, and roots are the most important parts that are used traditionally. In the present investigation, antiulcer screening of etOH and aqueous leaves extract was screened in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats at the selected doses. The results thus obtained were compared with standard drugs and it was found that EATPL exhibited significant results when compared with AETPL.

The leaf extract of Senna alexandrina Mill., a plant from the Fabaceae family, contains bioactive anthraquinones sennoside-B and rhein, traditionally used in Indian medicine for various health issues. However, standardizing the quality of S. alexandrina and its commercial products is challenging. To address this, we established two high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods for accurate analysis of these biomarkers in S. alexandrina leaf extract and its commercial formulations. For sennoside-B, a mobile phase combination of solvent for example, butanol, water, and glacial acetic acid (6:3.5:0.5, v/v/v) was used, with detection at 254 nm, producing spots at an Rf value of 0.37 ± 0.006. The method showed linearity between 100 to 2000 ng/spot (R² = 0.9983 ± 0.0017), with a limit of detection (LoD) of 22.84 ± 0.554 ng/band and a limit of quantitation (LoQ) of 69.22 ± 0.859 ng/band. For rhein, a mobile phase combination of solvent toluene, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid in the ratio (7:2.5:0.5, v/v/v) was utilized and was also detected at 254 nm. The obtained spots had Rf value of 0.67 ± 0.004. The linearity was confirmed within the same range (R² = 0.9985 ± 0.0005), with an LoD of 15.49 ± 0.645 ng/spot and an LoQ of 46.94 ± 1.172 ng/spot. Herein, the methods have followed the guidelines of ICH (Q2) R1. These developed HPTLC methods are selective, simple, sensitive, accurate, and economical, making them suitable for everyday assessment of these bioactive markers in S. alexandrina and its commercial products. This study supports the quality control of S. alexandrina, ensuring product consistency, efficacy, and safety.

Background: Dexmedetomidine and fentanyl are often administered medications for inducing conscious sedation, a technique employed for performing awake fibreoptic intubation. However, there is a scarcity of literature that directly compares the effects of these drugs when administered at equivalent doses. This study sought to assess the effectiveness and safety of using dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in adult patients undergoing Awake Fiberoptic Intubation (AFOI).Methodology: The current research study undertaken was a randomized controlled trial conducted among adult patients at A hospital providing specialized medical services in Salem, Tamil Nadu. There were 60 study participants, 30 participants in each group. A group received the drug dexmedetomidine 1-µg/kg while B group received fentanyl l-µg/kg intravenously. Primary outcomes measured were the efficacy of both drugs for sedation, patients’ comfort and compliance during AFOI, cough score, BP, HR, post-intubation score, and the Ramsay sedation score and SpO2 for 15 minutes intraoperatively.Results: The study found that 80% of study participants in A group had cough score below 2, compared to only 6.7% in group B. Post-intubation cooperation was also higher in group A, with 83.3% of patients showing cooperation. The Ramsay sedation score showed significant differences between the groups. Intubation length was shorter in group A, while group B experienced HR increased, SBP, and oxygen saturation. These findings highlight the importance of individualized care in patient care.Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine is superior to fentanyl for AFOI. Regarding the provision of heightened sedation, enhanced intubating circumstances, and increased tolerance to intubation, and greater hemodynamic stability, all within a shorter duration for intubation.

The process of healing a wound is intricate and dynamic, including several phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Natural extracts have gained attention in the management of healed wounds because of their bioactive compounds. These extraction derivatives from honey, turmeric, etcetera possess various properties like inflammation-reducing, antimicrobial and antioxidant potencies, which expedite the curing of wounds. The topical application of these natural remedies can enhance skin regeneration, reduce infection, and minimize scarring. Incorporating natural extracts into the treatment of wounds facilitates faster, safer alternatives to synthetic medications. This investigation reported the comparative ability of the extracts of Lagenaria siceraria leaves and Raphanus sativus seeds in the restoration of wounds.

Analysis of the poorly water-soluble drugs most frequently carried out by using organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetonitrile, and hexane. Most of them have toxic effects on humans as well as the natural ecosystem. The volatile nature of organic solvents is a major source of inaccuracy. So, the current study provides the best approach to replace organic solvents as hydrotropic solubilization techniques and developed a green, eco-friendly method to estimate telmisartan by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Using silica gel coated (60 F254) TLC plates, chromatographic separation was achieved with a mobile phase 30% Sodium Benzoate (SB): 20% sodium acetate (SA): 0.5% citric acid (CA) (6:3:0.5 v/v/v). The retention factor for telmisartan was 0.55. Concentrations were linear in between 500 to 900 µg/mL with a regression coefficient was 0.9930. This approach was successfully validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization and it exhibits satisfactory results for all parameters. The developed approach is capable of being used to conduct routine evaluations of telmisartan in bulk and marketed formulation.

Tanacetum dolicophyllum, known locally as tansies, exhibitng a plethora of challenging and noteworthy pharmacological properties. Aerial parts of T. dolicophyllum were utilized for extract preparation, and then their in-vitro antimicrobial activity was assessed against various organisms employing both the well diffusion method and MIC assay. The ethyl acetate extract of T. dolicophyllum was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) investigation to determine phytocomponents and investigate their antimicrobial activity. The result demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract exhibited good antimicrobial activity. The extract showed the highest efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Analysis revealed the presence of 37 components in the T. dolicophyllum extract, as determined by GC-MS investigation. The most abundant compounds include pentacosane, constituting 17.31 of the peak area% with a retention time (RT) of 24.603, and molecular formula C₂₅H₅₂; 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-3-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-4-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]- accounting for 6.43 peak area% with a RT of 31.829 and, molecular formula C₂₃H₂₆O₈; 4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)dihydro-3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methyl]- representing 5.76 peak area%, RT 28.409 and, molecular formula C₂₂H₂₄O₇; Yangambin present at 5.44% of peak area, with an RT of 29.513 and, molecular formula C₂₄H₃₀O₈; Chrysantenyl 2-methuylbutanoate constituting 4.60 of peak area%, RT 18.825, and molecular formula C₁₅H₂₄O₂; Phytyl tetradecanoate with 3.22 area%, RT 31.284, and formula C₃₄H₆₆O₂; and Tricosane accounting for 1.44 peak area%, with a RT of 18.228, and molecular formula C₂₃H₄₈. These compounds exhibit various medical potentials, suggesting the ethyl acetate extract of T. dolicophyllum may have diverse pharmacological applications.

Alzheimer’s malady (Advertisement) is neurodegenerative disarranges that have developed as among the genuine wellbeing issues of the 21st century. The drugs as of now accessible to treat Advertisement have restricted adequacy and are related with side impacts. Characteristic items are one of the foremost imperative and traditionalist sources of solutions for treating neurological issues. To assess the neuroprotective impact of MELC, MEIP in silico ponders beginning with atomic docking against Throb (PDB ID: 3LII) targets for Advertisement was conducted utilizing Auto Dock 4.1 and Molegro Virtual Docker computer program. The docking scores (kcal/mol) appeared comparatively higher strength against Advertisement related targets than right now utilized standard drugs. By and large, the potential official partiality from atomic docking, inactive thermodynamics include from MD-simulation and other multiparametric drug-ability profiles propose that MELC and MEIP may well be considered as a reasonable helpful lead for Advertisement treatment. Besides, the show comes about were unequivocally connected with the prior think about on MELC and MEIP an Alzheimer’s creature show. Be that as it may, fundamental in vivo thinks about, clinical trials, bioavailability, porousness and secure dosage organization, etc. must be required to utilize MELC and MEIP as a potential sedate against Advertisement treatment, where the in silico comes about are more supportive to quicken the sedate improvement.

Molecular docking serves as a pivotal tool in comprehending drug-receptor interactions within modern-day drug design. In a previous report, new compounds 2-(4-allylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-(1-aryl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) etalons were analyzed. Among these compounds, ‘2-(4-allylpiperazin-1-yl)-1-(1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethanone’ was singled for molecular docking as it shows dual antibacterial and antifungal studies. Docking investigations revealed promising binding affinity of the compound towards Escherichia coli (1KZN), exhibiting significant antibacterial activity of docking grade -5.53 Kcal/mol, indicative of a fortified binding interaction. Conversely, the compound exhibited weaker binding affinity towards Candida albicans (1AI9) with a docking grade of -0.72 Kcal/mol. Negative binding energy signifies a robust alignment between the ligand and target protein, suggesting potential therapeutic efficacy against microbial activity. Moreover, in-silico ADMET calculations were conducted, and the synthesized compound confirms the drug-likeness within the defined parameters: molecular weight between 150 to 500 g/mol, TPSA polarity between 20 to 130 Ų, lipophilicity ranging between -0.7 to +5.0 Log S not exceeding 6, flexibility not exceeding 9, and saturation not inferior to 0.25. The compound demonstrated compliance with these criteria, suggesting favorable in-vivo drug absorption and permeation characteristics.

Nephrolithiasis, or kidney stones, is a widespread condition causing significant discomfort and health issues. This analysis delves into the development of folic acid-chitosan nanoparticles (FA-CNPs) using Musa acuminata stem water to address nephrolithiasis. A Box-Behnken design was used to refine synthesis variables—chitosan concentration, folic acid loading, and reaction time. The study systematically analyzed their effects on nanoparticle size, encapsulation efficiency, and release profile. The optimized FA-CNPs demonstrated potential for improved targeted treatment of kidney stones, highlighting advancements in nanomedicine for effective nephrolithiasis management.

Plant-derived monoterpenes have various pharmacological applications, but the problem lies with their detection and estimation. Hence, it is crucial to develop a robust technique to overcome this problem. This work was aimed at developing a swift, accurate and reproducible technique for the simultaneous detection of three monoterpenes, namely, eugenol, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), and R-limonene, using the high-performance thin-layer chromatography technique, as per International Council of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The best results were obtained in the eluent mixture prepared by using hexane: toluene: ethyl acetate (6:3:1, v/v/v), and silica gel-coated aluminum thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates 60F₂₅₄ as a stationary phase that produced very sharp and well-resolved symmetrical peaks for eugenol, eucalyptol, and R-limonene at Rf values of 0.47 ± 0.03, 0.56 ± 0.03, and 0.71 ± 0.03, respectively. The linear range for eugenol, eucalyptol, and R-limonene was 1 to 15 ng/spot (r² = 0.9906), 100 to 600 ng/spot (r² = 0.99625), 50 to 300 ng/spot (r² = 0.9873), respectively. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantitation (LoQ) values for eugenol were obtained at 0.0129 and 0.0391 ng/spot, followed by eucalyptol (0.82 and 2.48 ng/spot) and R-limonene (0.594 and 1.8 ng/spot), respectively. To our knowledge, we are the first to report a quick and reproducible high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique for the simultaneous determination of eugenol, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), and R-limonene. This method can further be used for the quantification of these secondary metabolites in plant extracts, enriched fractions, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Antimicrobial, fungal, and bacterial infections in the human body are the causes of foodborne, waterborne, and airborne illnesses as well as those that arise naturally. Because nosocomial usage increases the presence of both complex and non-complicated microorganisms, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are most common, especially in women. Antibiotics are an amazing tool in the fight against infections; the WHO survey 2022(1) noted that microbial and fungal infections account for 1.5 billion deaths worldwide. The production of natural remedies is becoming a serious concern and is progressing quickly as well. Many phytochemical compounds from flora could be used to treat these infections based on the effect of the respective integrated organism’s host defense efficacy. The therapeutic or pathogen-resistant capacity of the phytochemicals under different chemical classes may reverse and control the antibiotic resistance of resistant pathogens. The aim of the study is to find the roots of Punica granatum L from the urban and rural regions to find the phytochemical efficacy from extracts like petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, carbinol and aqueous. It revealed that a high yield of pharmacological compounds is from a rural sample’s carbinol extract. Quantitative analysis showed the presence of high amounts of majorly anti-cancerous agents in high peaks from rural samples. Using the well diffusion method, in-vitro antimicrobial activity was determined. Against their negative controls, the inhibition activity of Escherichia coli showed a 22 mm inhibition zone from the ethanol extract, Staphylococcus aureus showed a 21 mm inhibition zone, and fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans and Candida krusei showed a 21 mm maximum inhibition zone from the carbinol extracts.

Asthi Sandhanak Lepa is an Ayurvedic Formulation widely used in the form of herbal paste to treat fractures and dislocations and is applied externally for the treatment of the same. The formulation is also used to reduce pain and inflammation. In the present investigation, various standardization parameters, viz., morphological studies, physical characters and physicochemical studies of the raw material/herbs that are used in the preparation of ayurvedic formulation, were studied.

This study evaluates the phytochemical composition and in-vitro antioxidant activities of various extracts such as Boswellia serrate (Bs), Zingiber officinale (Zs), Tribulus terrestris (Tt), Camellia sinensis (Cs), Withania somnifera (Ws), and Piper longum (Pl). Using soxhlet extraction, the plants were processed with various solvents, including n-hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, and water. Phytochemical screening revealed a diverse range of compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, varying by extract. The antioxidant activities were assessed using superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, and lipid peroxidation assays. The hydroalcoholic extract of C. sinensis exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with significant superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging capabilities. T. terrestris and W. somnifera also demonstrated strong antioxidant properties, aligning with their traditional medicinal uses. Moderate activity was observed in P. longum, attributed to its bioactive compound, piperine. Meanwhile, B. serrata and Z. officinale showed lower antioxidant activities but are noted for their anti-inflammatory benefits. This research corroborates previous findings on the antioxidant potential of these plants, highlighting the importance of further investigations into their pharmacological applications. The study underscores the therapeutic potential of these extracts in oxidative stress-related conditions and supports their continued exploration in modern medicine.

The aim of the present investigation is to Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. & Development of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chloroform Extracts. The roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. were purchased from the local market. The roots were taxonomically identified by Senior Scientist at KNK college of Horticulture. Accurately weighed quantity of roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. were extracted using petroleum ether (only for removal of fats and lipids), chloroform, methanol, butanol and finally water by soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. Qualitative chemical tests of chloroform, methanol, butanol and water extracts were subjected to various chemical tests to detect various phytoconstituents. β-carotene oxidative bleaching in β-caroten/linoleic acid mixture with and without the addi­tion of different extract of plant. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the test solutions was determined using DPPH photometric method. Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid and vanillin sulphuric acid and heated at 115⁰C for 5 minutes. Solvent systems; n-hexane: ethyl acetate, 7:3 were found to be most satisfactory solvent system for chloroform extracts for root respectively. Vitamin E as standard was utilized in this measure and 84% hindrance was viewed as at 30 minutes. Chloroform separate likewise showed 70% restraint at 30 minutes which was decreased to 45% at the hour of 120 minutes. Hydroxyl revolutionary ability to rummage determined as IC₅₀ from the trial information and it uncovers that chloroform, methanol, butanol and water removes have IC₅₀ upsides of 46 μg/mL, 100μg/mL, 200 μg/mL and 150μg/mL, individually. DPPH scavenging capacity determined as IC₅₀ and it shows that chloroform separate has IC50 of 36 μg/mL followed by ascorbic corrosive (3.1μg/mL), gallic corrosive (3.4μg/mL), methanol (41μg/mL), butanolic (46μg/mL) and water (44μg/mL) extricates. The present findings are momentous for the development of alternative, inexpensive and perhaps safer strategies for the handling of diseases.

Ceylon caper (Capparis zeylanica Linn.), a climbing shrub found throughout the Indian subcontinent, has been utilized in traditional medicine in the direction of treating numerous ailments. The purpose of this study was to extract phytochemicals from C. zeylanica L.stems, evaluate the phytoconstituents and study the anticancer activity of the extract. Shade dried stems were collected, sieved and subjected to solvent extraction. Following standard phytochemical screening, We performed molecular docking studies to identify the most relevant pharmacological activities. In-vitro anticancer activity of ethanolic extract of C. zeylanica L. Stem was evaluated utilizing standard assay techniques. It indicates an interaction between extraction and EGFR kinases. And it found good IC₅₀ values in enviro-enzymatic assay and inhibits phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways in western blot assay.

Thiabendazole-based metal complexes are attracting interest due to their special antimicrobial activities. The current investigation describes the preparation of ligand L1 and its metal complexes [M (C₂₆H₁₇N₅OS) Cl₂] M = Co, Ni, Cu and Zn.  Mass, ¹H-NMR, IR, and UV were used to characterize these compounds. L1 exhibited the highest potency towards many bacteria. It shows the maximum zone of inhibition as compared to any other ligand. Thus, the antibacterial potency of L1 is better as compared to standard drugs. Imidazolone-TBZ ligands L1 are also more susceptible to some bacteria and also show antifungal potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The significance of such work triggered the possibility that these ligands L1 and metal complexes can be efficacious drugs against bacterial and fungal species that could be advantageous in designing powerful antibacterial and antifungal compounds for medicinal use. All these synthesized compounds are in addition to the library of heterocyclic compounds.

This paper focuses on the cultivation of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom, to find the Preliminary phytochemical analysis from five different solvent extracts of P. pulmonarius. Mushrooms are white fungi that are recognized as a good food source and contain a variety of medicinal benefits. In terms of nutrition, mushrooms are better than a lot of veggies because it contain around 40 to 49% protein. The current study integrates phytochemical analysis with the production of P.  pulmonarius mushroom. The mushroom grew on paddy straw, which had been used as a substrate. The Pleurotus mushroom accounts for 25% of the total edible mushroom production worldwide. Fresh mushroom fruit bodies were picked, dried, pulverized, and extracted using a soxhlet apparatus. The pH, humidity and temperature of the surroundings were maintained in between the mycelia growth. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of five different extracts from P. pulmonarius was tested using various solvents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides, saponins, proteins, quinones, carbohydrates and phenols. Further research can be conducted to determine the bioactive substances from this particular mushroom.

Using animals as a test subject, we aimed to determine whether tri-layer tablets filled with ibuprofen and ranitidine had any effect on pain or ulcers. The effectiveness against ulcers caused by acetic acid and cold stress was tested. Six rats made up each of the four groups that were randomly assigned. As a control, I was given a solvent and placed in the group. The second group served as the control, while groups III and IV were used to evaluate 100 mg and 200 mg tri-layer tablets, respectively. The oral gavage method was used to administer all medications. It was shown that the number of writhing was 5.12 in the T2 group compared to the control group, indicating a decrease in the medication-treated groups. The heated technique demonstrated the substantial analgesic activity of the medication under examination. After 120 minutes, the drug-treated groups had a latency time that was 9.8 seconds longer than the control group. Treatment with the experimental medicine lowered the ulcer index in an ulcer model generated by acetic acid. T2 had a value that was 0.43 lower than the control group. T2 group showed a significant reduction in ulcer index to 0.33 in ulcers generated by cold restraint stress. This study provides support for the use of multilayered tablets in the treatment of pain and ulcer disorders, since it demonstrated the analgesic and antiulcer benefits of the test medicine in animal models. More studies to determine the exact mechanism are necessary.

Juss, Moringa oleifera Lam, Cymbopogon citrates (DC.) Stapf, Tinospora cordifolia (Thumb.) Miers, Ricinus communis L., against experimental hepatotoxicity. The World Health Organization (WHO) is promoting herbal remedies derived from traditional medicinal plants in several countries. The main goal of this investigation was to create and evaluate the polyherbal formulation to protect albino Wistar rats against the hepatotoxic effects of CCl₄. Three potential suspensions, polyherbal formulations A, B, and C, were formulated by trituration method using ethanolic extracts of specific medicinal plant components with different sodium carboxy methyl cellulose concentrations 1, 1.5, and 2%, respectively and evaluated the same for both certain physiochemical parameters, including organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity, sedimentation volume, redispersibility, density, specific gravity, zeta potential, and accelerated stability studies for three months and for hepatoprotective activity also. Evaluation parameters for Polyherbal Formulation-C have shown good results that met the specifications, with pleasant texture and appearance. Along with other physiochemical qualities, like pH, viscosity, flow rate and sedimentation, were all unchanged and showed significant hepatoprotective effects by reducing elevated serum enzyme levels SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin. It was discovered that each quality control parameter in the polyherbal suspension C formulation was thoroughly adequate and improved the recovery from hepatotoxicity caused by CCl4. These findings suggest that the produced polyherbal suspension C (containing ethanolic extracts of A. indica A. Juss, M. oleifera Lam, C. citrates (DC.) Stapf, T. cordifolia (Thumb.) Miers, R. communis L. may be stable, secure, and effective for use and exhibited notable hepatoprotective effects, possibly resulting from the combined impact of all these extracts.

The present study aims to investigate the presence of the phytochemical and in-vitro antioxidant study of hydroalcoholic (HA) and ethyl acetate (EA) preparations of Passiflora incarnata L. leaves. The hydroalcoholic (HA) and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts showed strong antioxidant activity when examined in a laboratory setting using DPPH, H2O2, NO, reducing power, total phenol, and TOC assays. Also compounds like saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics were all identified through phytochemical testing. In addition to expanding our understanding of the pharmacological characteristics of P. incarnata L., the results of this study have the potential to change the way medicinal botanicals are viewed forever. Nature’s treasure trove, concealed within the leaves of P. incarnata L., offers a pharmacological narrative that transcends traditional boundaries, suggesting new dimensions for antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for the development of novel botanical interventions in preventive healthcare and disease management.

In the current study, a simple and economic stability-indicating RP-HPLC method development and validation was carried out to estimate the bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir from the pharmaceutical dosage form.  0.1M ammonium acetate in 0.5% v/v acetic acid solution and 1g of 1-octane sulfonic acid and adjustment of pH to 4.2 with dilute orthophosphoric acid done and methanol (40:60 v/v) was utilized as the mobile phase. The analysis was done using Inertsil ODS 3V (250 x 4.6 mm x 5 µm) column with column temperature kept at 30°C with an injection volume of 20 μL, flow rate of 1.0 ml/minute and detection was carried out at 260 nm. The method was developed and it was validated according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The RT of bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir were determined to be 12.23, 3.0 and 8.5 minutes, providing a reliable marker for its identification. The method was found linear from about 50 To 150% Of the target concentration of bictegravir emtricitabine and tenofovir with of 0.999. Significant degradation was observed in acidic, basic and peroxide stress conditions. Hence, it can be concluded that tablets are sensitive to acidic, basic and oxidation stress conditions. RSD for the peak area responses of emtricitabine, 0.03 and 0.03, respectively, indicating that the system is precise. The testing procedure was accurate from about 50 to 150%. Of the target concentration of emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide and bictegravir. The method was robust In relation to flow variation, column oven temperature variation, mobile phase variation and pH variation. In conclusion, our proposed RP-HPLC method provides a sensitive, accurate, and precise means of analyzing emtricitabine, tenofovir alafenamide and bictegravir from pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Candidiasis, a fungal infection initiated primarily through Candida albicans, affects various portions of the human body and is particularly prevalent in immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenicity of C. albicans is facilitated by numerous virulence causes, including adhesins, morphogenesis, and phenotypic switching. The organism’s capability in the direction of switching between yeast and hyphal forms contributes to the severity of infections. The appearance of resistant strains has rendered current treatments less effective, necessitating the exploration of new drug targets and the progress of novel antifungal agents. Antifungal drug resistance is a multifaceted phenomenon involving genetic mutations, overexpression of efflux pumps, epigenetic changes, and biofilm formation, all regulated by complex genetic and transcriptional networks. These resistance mechanisms can cause treatment failures, highlighting the need for new antifungal agents and improved diagnostic tools. The identification of potential drug targets in C. albicans is critical due to increasing resistance to existing antifungal agents. Recent studies have identified promising targets, for example the riboflavin metabolic pathway and unique protein kinases involved in regulating virulence and pathogenicity. Developing new antifungals is difficult due to C. albicans’ eukaryotic nature and resistance. Ongoing research is essential to find novel targets and strategies, especially with the limited antifungal drug classes available.

The experienced of pain amid labor is women’s most extreme event, which causes intemperate stress. Assorted in strength, every woman bears intensity of labor is varied. Entonox is one of the non-invasive analgesic methods used during the process and identifying its potency is the foremost article’s purpose. A hospital-based prospective case control-single-centered study was done. The subject’s information and feedback on entonox use were gathered and analyzed with suitable statistical SPSS. The explicit parameters of parturient were interpreted by descriptive frequencies comparison between the different variables were calculated using the T-test. Many entonox users showed positive responses with reduced pain compared to non-users. The Apgar score showed no significant variation in both I and II groups, which proves no alliance of entonox with neonatal outcomes. Entonox is a choice alternative for managing pain during the initial labor phases. The success of this preferable technique (Entonox) can be attributed to most females choosing non-intrusive methods during labor

This study aims to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of cilnidipine as a dual L/N-type calcium channel blocker for hypertension using proniosomes. Proniosomes are dry powders that turn into niosomes when they come into contact with water, improving drug encapsulation and stability. Different concentrations of Span-60, cholesterol, and sorbitol were tested in the Box-Behnken design. The entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, thermal characteristics, crystalline structure and in-vitro drug release were evaluated for 17 formulations. Entrance effectivity was highest in F3 at 71.83%, while a controlled released rate of over 85.28% was observed within 12 hours. The median particle size showed a moderate stability of -11.2 mV with zeta potentials indicating this fact (902.7 nm). When, cilnidipine was inserted into proniosome systems, considerable changes occurred both thermally and crystallinity-wise according to DSC as well as XRD measurements were taken during an experiment where various mathematical models showed first-order kinetics dominated among other processes involved in drug release along Higuchi’s Equation.

The combination of Fluoxetine HCL and Olanzapine treats depression in bipolar disorder and patients unresponsive to other antidepressants. The research aims to optimize a sensitive, simple, rapid, reliable, eco-friendly liquid chromatographic method by minimizing feedstock’s, reagents, energy, and waste to protect the environment and conserve resources, additionally assessed the environmental impact of a method using various green metric tools, and applied the method to pharmaceuticals. The separation was conducted using isocratic RP-HPLC with a DAD at 227nm. The mobile phase used was a 40:40:20 (v/v/v) ratios of buffer, acetonitrile, and ethanol. An L1 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) was utilized with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and injection volume of 5 µL. The column oven and auto-sampler were both maintained at 45°C and 25°C respectively. The optimized method was validated as per ICH guidelines and found to be specific, precise, and robust to slight changes in mobile phase flow, column temperature, and buffer pH. Linearity was demonstrated from 0.1-150 µg/mL for olanzapine and 0.4-610 µg/mL for fluoxetine HCL. The accuracy was tested with recovery ranges of 0.1–157 µg/mL for olanzapine and 0.4–606 µg/mL for fluoxetine HCl in tablet placebo, and 0.1–150 µg/mL for olanzapine and 0.4–605 µg/mL for fluoxetine HCl in capsule placebo, indicating that the method is suitable for both tablet and capsule dosage forms. The method’s greenness was evaluated using AES, NEMI, GAPI, and AGREE tools. The optimized method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical analysis. The newly optimized method found simple, sensitive, rapid, eco-friendly, incorporating green analytical concepts, has been successfully achieved for the identification and quantification of Fluoxetine HCL and Olanzapine present in pharmaceuticals.

The study seeks to explore how pharmaceutical marketing strategies impact doctors’ prescribing habits within the complex relationships between healthcare providers and pharmaceutical companies. Five alternative pharmaceutical products are analyzed across six distinct evaluation parameters to understand the multifaceted impact of marketing efforts. The dataset includes information on marketing spend, prescription rates, and various evaluation criteria such as efficacy, safety, affordability, brand recognition, promotional materials, reputation, and convenience. These parameters are crucial in assessing the comprehensive influence of pharmaceutical marketing on doctors’ decision-making processes. Understanding how pharmaceutical marketing impacts prescription practices is crucial for ensuring patient welfare and safety. It helps in evaluating whether prescriptions are driven by genuine medical needs or influenced by marketing strategies, thus promoting patient-centered care. The study addresses ethical concerns related to the interactions between pharmaceutical companies and healthcare professionals. Uncovering the extent of marketing influence aids in developing ethical guidelines and regulations, fostering transparency and trust in the healthcare system. The COPRAS-G method necessitates identifying selection criteria, evaluating relevant information for these criteria, and creating methods to assess how well the surrogate meets the participants’ needs. Decision analysis involves a Decision Maker (DM) who must consider a specific set of alternatives and choose one from several options, often with conflicting criteria. Consequently, the developed complexity proportionality assessment (COPRAS) method can be applied. The results indicate that Doctor 03 ranked first, while Doctor 05 ranked the lowest.

Successful ovulation induction can overcome the common condition of infertility associated with ovulatory dysfunction. Monotherapy of clomiphene citrate (CC) or combined with gonadotrophins are the best treatment modalities for ovulation induction with a successful outcome. We concentrated on evaluating the effects of 100 mg Clomiphene Citrate, both with and without gonadotrophins, on ovulation induction and the outcome of labor analgesia in women with infertility. This prospective cohort consists of 136 women with infertility who were medicated with 100 mg of clomiphene citrate alone and 100 mg of clomiphene citrate with gonadotropins. We recorded the endometrial thickness, details of the dominant follicle, and the incidence of a positive pregnancy rate. Women with positive pregnancy were managed with epidural labor with labor analgesia to relieve labor pain and evaluated the foetal outcome. In CC alone, the ovulation rate was 57%, while in CC with gonadotrophins, it was 81%. The mean dominant follicle size and endometrial thickness were high in CC with gonadotrophins (p<0.05). The overall incidence of positive pregnancies was 28.98%. Levobupivacaine with dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the mean VAS score from baseline, resulting in a higher foetal body weight. Taking 100 mg of Clomiphene citrate with gonadotropins works better than taking Clomiphene citrate by itself at starting ovulation, increasing the size of the dominant follicle, and improving the thickness of the endometrium. With levobupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine, the labor analgesia showed better stability in hemodynamic parameters and effective control on labor pain scores.

Background: Post-operative pain management is critical in laparoscopic cholecystectomy to enhance patient recovery and satisfaction. This study compares the efficacy of ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and port site infiltration with bupivacaine for post-operative analgesia. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, comparative study, 60(30/30) patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group A received an ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal TAP block with 0.25% bupivacaine (20 ml on each side), while Group B received port site infiltration with 0.25% bupivacaine (5 ml per port). The primary outcome was the duration of post-operative analgesia, assessed by the time to first rescue analgesic request. Secondary outcomes included total analgesic consumption in the first 24 hours post-operatively, pain intensity measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours, and any complications related to the procedures. Results: The TAP block group (Group A) demonstrated a significantly longer duration of analgesia compared to the port site infiltration group (Group B) (p<0.05). Group A also exhibited lower total analgesic consumption and lower VAS scores at all time points. No significant complications were observed in either group. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided bilateral subcostal TAP block with bupivacaine provides superior post-operative analgesia compared to port site infiltration in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with a longer duration of pain relief and reduced analgesic requirements. This technique should be considered a viable option for enhancing post-operative recovery in these patients.

Diabetes is a chronic, life-threatening condition that can affect a vast variety of organ systems, including the kidney. The present study is based on the effect of phytosome-based mushroom extract of oyster and button mushroom on renal functioning factors such urea, uric acid, and creatine as well as the glucose level in streptozocin (STZ) -induced rats with diabetes. The results indicated the blood sugar level was found to decrease significantly in the groups treated with a combination of lactobacillus with phytosomes of oyster mushroom and button mushroom in contrast to a control group of diabetics (p ≤0.05). Similarly, the phytosome of oyster mushroom with lactobacillus and phytosomes of button mushroom with lactobacillus treatment showed a substantial decline in the level of creatinine, uric acid, and urea (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, these can be used as effective medication for the treatment of diabetes alternative to allopathic medication.

Felbamate, a valuable antiepileptic drug, suffers from low water solubility and potential side effects, limiting its therapeutic application. This study addresses this challenge by developing a felbamate nanosuspension for nose-to-brain delivery using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. The research focused on identifying the optimal combination of key formulation variables, chitosan concentration, chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate ratio, and Tween 80 surfactant concentration to achieve a nanosuspension with desirable particle size, polydispersity index, and high entrapment efficiency (%EE), all critical parameters for efficient drug delivery via the nasal route. The study identified an optimized formulation consisting of 0.176% chitosan, a 3.3:1 chitosan/TPP ratio, and 1.55% Tween 80 through rigorous experimentation and response surface methodology analysis. The optimized formulation yielded a nanosuspension of 115.0 ± 4.37 nm mean particle size, 0.118 ± 0.021 polydispersity index, and +34.08 ± 2.4 mV zeta potential, indicating a stable system with a narrow size distribution suitable for enhanced drug delivery. The entrapment efficiency of 93.18 ± 1.69% confirmed effective encapsulation, while in-vitro dissolution studies demonstrated a significantly higher dissolution rate compared to pure felbamate, suggesting improved bioavailability. The results emphasize the capacity of this optimized nanosuspension to improve the therapeutic efficacy of felbamate and hence justify additional preclinical and clinical research.

Although it has limited solubility and poor permeability to the skin, voriconazole (VRC) is a viable choice for the topical treatment of fungal infections. Owing to these constraints, treating the inflection requires several injections over an extended period. The goal of this work was to produce a VRC invasome gel with improved topical antifungal activity. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) program was utilized to optimize the IVS after it was created using the thin-film hydration process. The optimized invasome formulation through BBD has 159.9 nm of vesicle size, 68.58% of entrapment efficiency, and 23.5 mV of zeta potential. The spherical shape of the vesicle was revealed using scanning microscopy. According to FTIR spectra, the medication and polymers do not interact. The optimized invasomal VRC gel exhibited an optimum of 345 to 589 cp. Ex-vivo permeation studies of IG4 exhibited a higher flux of 0.168 as compared to pure voriconazole. An antimicrobial study was accepted to check the antimicrobial efficiency of voriconazole gel (IG4). The study confirmed a good zone of inhibition of the fungus infection (C. albicans). The voriconazole invasome’s potential diffusion and antibacterial efficacy are demonstrated here. Invasomal gel was found to be an effective carrier and a desirable strategy for improving the topical distribution of VRC to treat fungal infections.

This study aims to create and assess the anti-arthritic activity of tofacitinib citrate (TC) as a topical gel formulation. Using the gelling agent Carbopol 980 P, seven gel formulations were formed. The gel formulations were assessed for pH, drug content, spreadability, homogeneity, and in-vitro diffusion profile. Out of all the formulations, G7 exhibited superior release characteristics (99.1%) in comparison to the other formulations. The DSC research revealed a strong endothermal peak at 214.17°C and demonstrated an interaction with the excipients taken into consideration in this investigation. While carrying out the in-vivo study, formulation G7 successfully reduced inflammation induced by CFA.   Ultimately, the optimal formulation for the “G7” can be determined & successfully treats inflammation associated with arthritis. As per stability studies, it was specified that there are no such major changes in the long-term and accelerated stability testing study.

The analytical method development and validation of a common antidiabetic drug, Canaglifozin, by taking the aid of ‘Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography’, along with stability indicating method. The canaglifozin drug was eluted from the optimized mobile phase in 70:30 ratio of water and methanol, at 1 ml/ min flow rate, under separation with C₁₈ column of 100 x 2mm size with 1.8 diameters at isocratic mode. The detection was carried at 286 nm wavelength, resulting in 3.80 retention time, as run time being 10 min. The detection limit and quantification limit, was noticed at ‘0.0039 and 0.0119 µg/ml’ correspondingly. The percentage RSD and recovery percentage was under ICH guidelines only. The stress degradation studies under acid, basic, neutral, and thermal conditions were carried on.

Triticum aestivum (wheatgrasses) extract was studied for antidiabetic activity using alloxan- induced diabetes mellitus in rats. T. aestivum at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg showed significant antidiabetic activity; it effected profound reductions in blood glucose over 28 days, especially the higher doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, which were more effective than glibenclamide. At 2000 mg/kg, the extract did not lower the blood glucose of normoglycemic rats- an indication of its safety and lack of hypoglycemic responses under non-diabetic conditions. It would appear that the antidiabetic activity of T. aestivum is through the protection and regeneration of beta cells that enhance insulin secretion, which in turn increases the utilization of glucose and normalizes carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. This gradual lowering of blood glucose levels brought on by T. aestivum is clinically highly desired. The elicited antidepressant effect of T. aestivum was very likely due to its antioxidant effects and beta-cell regeneration activity. Thus, Triticum aestivum can meet the demand for a nontoxic, safe alternative to orthodox antidiabetic agents. aestivum, antidiabetic activity, alloxan-induced diabetes, insulin secretion, beta-cell regeneration, glucose metabolism, safety, and Glibenclamide.

Plant-derived monoterpenes have various pharmacological applications, but the problem lies with their detection and estimation. Hence, it is crucial to develop a robust technique to overcome this problem. This work was aimed at developing a swift, accurate and reproducible technique for the simultaneous detection of three monoterpenes, namely, eugenol, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), and R-limonene, using the high-performance thin-layer chromatography technique, as per ICH guidelines. The best results were obtained in the eluent mixture prepared by using hexane: toluene: ethyl acetate (6:3:1, v/v/v), and silica gel-coated aluminum TLC plates 60F₂₅₄ as a stationary phase that produced very sharp and well-resolved symmetrical peaks for eugenol, eucalyptol, and R-limonene at Rf values of 0.47 ± 0.03, 0.56 ± 0.03, and 0.71 ± 0.03, respectively. The linear range for eugenol, eucalyptol, and R-limonene was 1 to 15 ng/spot (r² = 0.9906), 100 to 600 ng/spot (r² = 0.99625), 50 to 300 ng/spot (r² = 0.9873), respectively. Furthermore, the LoD and LoQ values for eugenol were obtained at 0.0129 and 0.0391 ng/spot, followed by eucalyptol (0.82 and 2.48 ng/spot) and R-limonene (0.594 and 1.8 ng/spot), respectively. To the best knowledge, we are the first to report a quick and reproducible HPTLC technique for the simultaneous determination of eugenol, eucalyptol (1,8-cineole), and R-limonene. This method can further be used for the quantification of these secondary metabolites in plant extracts, enriched fractions, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Fast-dissolving tablets (FDTs) have emerged as a prominent alternative to conventional oral dosage forms, particularly for drugs requiring rapid onset of action. This study aims to formulate and optimize fast-dissolving tablets of zidovudine, an antiretroviral medication used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The primary objective was to enhance patient compliance by ensuring the tablet disintegrates and dissolves quickly in the oral cavity without the need for water. Using various superdisintegrants like sodium starch glycolate and cross-carmellose sodium into, multiple formulations were prepared. The optimized formulation was evaluated based on pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including hardness, friability, disintegration time, dissolution profile, and drug content uniformity. The study found that the incorporation of superdisintegrants significantly improved the dissolution rate of zidovudine, thus offering a promising approach for patients with swallowing difficulties and ensuring better therapeutic efficacy.

The development and optimization of analytical techniques utilizing the quality by design methodology is essential in the pharmaceutical industry. This approach helps in the direction of identifying and optimizing critical parameters during drug development and assesses their impact on key quality attributes. A stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for quantifying posaconazole in bulk and tablet forms utilizing the quality-by-design approach. The Box-Behnken design optimized buffer flow rate, organic modifier percentage, and temperature, affecting retention time, theoretical plate count, and symmetry factor. Chromatography was performed on a Symmetry C18 column with a mobile phase of 0.01N potassium dihydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile (57.4:42.6% v/v), at a flow rate of 1.11 mL/min, detection at 220 nm, and column temperature of 30°C. Posaconazole’s retention time was 3.663 minutes, with precise, accurate, and linear signals (R² = 0.999). The method is simple, fast, cost-effective, and ideal for routine quality control.

Solid dispersions have garnered significant attention as an effective strategy for enhancing the solubility and, consequently, the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. By forming solid dispersions of these drugs with water-soluble carriers, issues related to limited solubility have been mitigated, leading to improved dissolution rates. The core focus of solid dispersion technology revolves around the creation of two-component systems involving the drug and a polymer, where the successful dispersion and stabilization of the drug play pivotal roles in the formulation development process. As a result, this technology is widely acknowledged as a highly valuable approach for enhancing the dissolution properties of poorly water-soluble drugs. In recent years, a substantial body of knowledge has been amassed concerning solid dispersions. Nonetheless, their practical implementation in the commercial sphere remains somewhat limited. In the current investigation, we embarked on the preparation of a solid dispersion of sorafenib tosylate, with the primary objective of achieving the maximum release of the drug within the shortest possible timeframe. Our aim was to develop and optimize the solid dispersions of sorafenib tosylate in a manner that ensures the successful design and formulation of this system.

Objective: This study aimed to perform the extraction, phytochemical analysis, and compound characterization of Madhuca longifolia leaf extracts. Materials and Methods: Sequential extraction of M. longifolia leaves was performed using petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and water. The yield of the extracts was measured and reported as 1.3 ± 0.10% for petroleum ether, 3.85 ± 0.15% for chloroform, 20.25 ± 1.22% for methanol, 30.1 ± 1.38% for ethanol, and 26.7 ± 0.21% for water. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted to determine the presence of various compounds, including alkaloids, glucose-alkaloids, steroids, tannins, phenols, proteins, and flavonoids. The absence of ethyl and methyl alkalis in petroleum ether and chloroform extracts was noted. Additionally, the presence of saponins and alkaloids was observed only in methanol extracts, with cresol absent from these extracts. The isolated compounds were further characterized using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results: The R_f value of the isolated compound was 0.49 using TLC. HPLC analysis identified major constituents with retention times of 4.576 and 10.461 minutes. These findings highlight the diverse phytochemical composition of M. longifolia leaf extracts and provide a detailed analysis of the active compounds present. Conclusion: This comprehensive study of M. longifolia leaf extracts offers valuable insights into the plant’s medicinal potential. The identified active compounds could serve as a reference for future medicinal use and research.

A series of novel N-((5-(3-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) carbamothioyl) benzamide derivatives (2a-2h) were synthesized and characterized for their potential antidiabetic properties. The synthesis involved multi-step reactions starting from 3-chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid, and the final compounds were purified by recrystallization. The structures were confirmed using melting points, TLC, FTIR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and LC-MS. In-silico pharmacokinetic analysis using SwissADME indicated favorable drug-likeness properties for the synthesized compounds, particularly those with electron-withdrawing substituents. In-vitro assays demonstrated significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with compounds 2a, 2g, and 2h showing the highest potency (IC₅₀ values: 23.19-28.61 µM for α-amylase and 23.25-28.25 µM for α-glucosidase), comparable to the standard drug acarbose. The presence of electron-withdrawing groups enhanced the inhibitory effects, while electron-donating groups reduced efficacy. These findings suggest that the synthesized compounds, particularly 2a, 2g, and 2h, hold promise as effective antidiabetic agents.

Numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative problems, such as anxiety, cerebrovascular problems, depression, seizures, Parkinson’s disease, and others. are currently dominating the scene as a result of their high-stress lifestyle. Treatment of these issues with postponed association of produced drugs will provoke serious coincidental impacts. In recent years, researchers have stood out sufficiently to be noticed in their investigation of phytochemicals as potential treatments for neurological issues. The unique phytochemicals found in various plants, such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids, contribute to the neuroprotective effects of nootropic flavors. Phytocompounds from restorative plants have a significant impact on maintaining the mind’s compound equilibrium by following up on the capability of receptors for the major inhibitory synapses. recovering plants, for example, Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been utilized broadly in various standard frameworks of treatment considering their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. The significance of phytochemicals’ system of action and beneficial potential in relation to neuroprotective capacity and other issues is the subject of this study.

Objective: To investigate the hypoglycaemic properties of a methanolic extract from Ficus arnottiana leaves in rodent models. Results: The findings revealed that F. arnottiana leaves key active components (psoralen), notably coumarins, attributing to its prowess in combating hyperglycemia. In addition, the study observed that methanolic extract displayed the highest activity, specifically at a dosage of 500 mg/kg. This was in comparison to the standard reference, glimepiride, which exhibited activity at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. This finding suggests a potentially enhanced or superior effect associated with the methanolic extract in the context of the study, Furthermore,the finding of the result showed that the application of methanolic extract at a concentration of 500 mg/kg resulted in a noteworthy mitigation of oxidative stress and increased blood glucose levels. This was demonstrated by a significant decrease in oxidative stress markers, fasting blood glucose levels, OGT, and tissue damage in the experimental model, the control group was compared. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of F. arnottiana exhibits efficacious hypoglycemic activity alongside ensured safety”

The discovery of mAbs has fundamentally changed the field of biomedicine by offering precise treatment options for a variety of illnesses, including autoimmune disorders and cancer. Future developments in the state of affairs and breakthroughs in mAbs in the multidisciplinary fields of biomedicine were explored. We begin by reviewing the developments in mAb technology, the production of fully human antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, all of which have greatly increased the potency and specificity of their therapeutic effects. Next are the latest developments in mAb engineering, such as the use of AI in antibody discovery and optimization and the development of novel delivery systems that maximize bioavailability while minimizing side effects. The most recent developments in clinical practice and scientific research that will boost the therapeutic potential of mAbs for many applications, including rare diseases and personalized medicine, are also reviewed. In summary, the present research highlights the difficulties that the discipline faces due to large run-costs and the need for new methods. While not providing a comprehensive overview of this ever-evolving topic, the study does offer enough information to understand how mAbs in biomedicine could impact the development of novel treatment techniques in the future.

Background: Favipiravir is an influenza antiviral medication. DEM Avigan is the commercial name for a pyrazine carboxamide derivative. Aim: According to the guidelines framed by ICH – International Council for Harmonisation, the present method was developed and validated for the system suitability, specificity, linearity, precision, limit of quantification and limit of detection, accuracy, & robustness.Results: All the results obtained were within the acceptable range. This method was used to better separate the peaks of Favipiravir and its three impurities. The retention times and squared correlation coefficient values of Impurity-1, Impurity-2, Favipiravir & Impurity-3 were obtained at 1.998, 3.223, 4.438 & 7.052 min and 0.9993, 0.9995, 0.9998 & 0.9997 respectively. Conclusion: Thus, the results show that the suggested RP-HPLC method for separating three contaminants with Favipiravir was effective and may be utilised in routine pharmaceutical analysis and quality control. Forced degradation was carried out under different stress conditions thus proving as stability indicating as per ICH guidelines.

Flurbiprofen, a BCS class II NSAID, was combined with GRAS molecules to create new co-crystal forms using crystal engineering techniques such as solvent drop grinding and evaporation. Analysis with XRD, DSC, and FT-IR confirmed purity and cocrystal formation. X-ray crystal data revealed hydrogen bonding and interactions, while DSC showed changes in thermal behavior. The co-crystals, particularly the Flurbiprofen-Ferulic Acid cocrystals, had increased solubility and faster dissolution than pure drug.

Aim: A proficient drug conveyance plan is expected to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Regardless of their deficient solvency, significant expense, low assimilation, and rising medication safe Leishmania spp., pentavalentantimonials and Curcumin (CC) may fix leishmaniasis. Drug conveyance frameworks (DDS) might be utilized to treat CL without these worries. Methodology: We tried free CC and Curcumin-stacked nanoparticles produced using chitosan (CC-CNPs) for antileishmanial movement in vitro. Nanoparticles of Chitosan (CNPs) were produced by tripolyphosphate (TPP) which are negatively charged ionic gelation. CC was added to the CNPs mix. The size, surface shape, epitome adequacy (EE), drug stacking content (DLC), and surface charge of the NPs were characterized using various approaches. The MTT test was performed to evaluate their effectiveness against Leishmania  tropica promastigotes and axenic amastigotes after characterisation. Results: Round CC-CNPs with a typical molecule size of 276 nm, a zeta capability of (+18.74mV), and 88% embodiment viability were integrated. Following 72 hours, free CC restrained promastigotes and axenic amastigotes parasite load by 64% and 70%, separately, though CC-CNPs repressed parasites by 91% and 86%. CC-CNPs diminished parasite suitability better than free CC. The half-maximal inhibitory focus (IC50) of CC-CNPs was a lot of lower than that of free CC. Conclusion: In a portion time subordinate way, CC-CNPs showed more antileishmanial action than unbound CC. In vivo testing is expected for CL nearby treatment with this detailing.

A simple, precise, and accurate reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of lobeglitazone sulfate and glimepiride in bulk and tablet dosage forms. The method involved selecting various chromatographic parameters. Specifically, a new method was developed using a 250 mm × 4.6 mm (HSS) reverse-phase C18 column with 5 µm particle size (Shim-pack C18, 250 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm). The mobile phase consisted of 40 volumes of phosphate buffer (pH 3) and 60 volumes of acetonitrile, with methanol as the diluent, running as an isocratic elution. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection was performed at 254 nm. The injection volume was 2 µL, and the total runtime was 10 minutes. The recoveries for lobeglitazone sulfate were found to be in the range of 101% to 100.6%, while those for glimepiride were in the range of 101.5% to 100%. The method’s accuracy is evident from these results. The inter-day and intra-day precision of the new method were both below the maximum allowable limit (RSD% ≤ 2.0), as per International Council on Harmonisation (Q2 R1) guidelines. The method exhibited a linear response, with correlation coefficient (r2) values of 0.9972% for pioglitazone and 0.998 for glimepiride. The validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, stability in the analytical solution and robustness, met the acceptance criteria. Hence, this method can be effectively used for the simultaneous estimation of lobeglitazone sulfate and glimepiride in both bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Background: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is considered as first-line treatment for epilepsy. The literature has signified a history of non-uniform drug performance and clinical failures. However, many studies suggested that Oxcarbazepine (OXC), a structural analog of CBZ, may have an equivalent antiepileptic effect. OXC follows a different metabolic pathway other than CBZ. However, both share the same mechanism of action by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. Objectives: This study aimed to form hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) extended-release tablets containing OXC combined with Vitamin D. Methods: These formulated tablets were tested for their dissolution rate, tablet hardness, friability, thickness and pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and Cmin). Blood sodium levels were additionally investigated to ensure the absence of hyponatremia; the main side effect of long-term use of CBZ and some of its derivatives.                                                            Results: The use of HPMC inhibited the formation of dihydrate OXC form thus offering a significant extended-release profile. OXC also showed a highlighted capability to attain high bioavailability. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was also added to tablets formed to inhibit polymorphic transformation. Tablets contaninig OXC co-delivered with Vitamin D ensured significant decreased susceptibility to hyponatremia, and an extended release profile was evident. Lower amounts of OXC were loaded in formed tablets containing Vitamin D owing to the synergistic effect between Vitamin D and antiepileptic drugs. Conclusion: Conclusively, employing these newly HPMC constructed tablets of OXC co-delivered with Vitamin D appeared to be a promising option for the effective management of epilepsy with least side effects.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection mainly affecting lungs. TB is a major health problem worldwide and the occurrence of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) offers considerable hurdles to effective treatment and disease management. The growth of treatment-resistant Mycobacterium TB strains has prompted the investigation of alternate therapeutic techniques, including the application of sustained drug delivery. Sustained-release drugs reduce the need for frequent dosing can extend the effects of linezolid by 8-12 hours, thus improve the patient’s adherence to the treatment.  The objective of this study is to formulate oral sustained-release linezolid tablets employing blends of polymers like hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC)- K100M, ethyl cellulose, xanthan gum, and chitosan to provide sustained drug release. Linezolid was made into a sustained-release tablet by employing the direct compression method using different drug-polymer ratios. Formulated tablets were compared with marketed formulations to assess the similarity factor. The formulation was assessed for drug-excipient interaction, solubility, flow properties, etc. The diameter, friability, thickness, hardness, weight variation, in vitro drug release, and drug release kinetics of compressed tablets were examined. Drug release research proved that all polymers were able to sustain drug release. Formulation (F5) with HPMC (100mg) and ethyl cellulose (100mg) resulted in 49.89% drug release after 8 hours, making it the optimal formulation. According to the kinetic model of the drug release, the Higuchi model was selected which indicates the diffusion of the drug from an insoluble matrix. The optimized formulation showed a similarity factor of 52% with the marketed formulation suggesting similarity in drug release between these two formulations.

Droxidopa, a synthetic amino acid precursor to norepinephrine, was licensed by the FDA in 2014 to treat neurogenic OH. The enzyme L-amino acid decarboxylase in sympathetic neurons converts Droxidopa to norepinephrine, which raises the amount of norepinephrine in the blood¹. Because noradrenaline crosses the blood–brain barrier poorly, Droxidopa is used to raise the concentration of noradrenaline in the brain instead of noradrenaline itself. It is recommended for the treatment of dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, non-diabetic autonomic neuropathy, orthostatic dizziness, and lightheadedness in adult patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension resulting from primary autonomic failure (Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure^2-5. It is a synthetic analogue of catecholamine acid that raises norepinephrine and epinephrine levels throughout the body by being immediately metabolized by dopa-decarboxylase. In the CNS, it also penetrates the blood-brain barrier to carry out its pharmacological actions. Through the induction of peripheral arterial and venous vasoconstriction, it raises blood pressure peripherally and it causes slight, momentary increases in plasma norepinephrin^6-9.

The objective of this work is to apply machine learning techniques for the prediction and early identification of cardiovascular disease, a major worldwide health problem. XGBoost, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and StackingCVClassifier were among the ensemble algorithms used to anticipate cardiac disease using a dataset that came from the UCI ML database. To improve the quality of the data, an exploratory data analysis was performed on the dataset using methods including outlier identification and missing value imputation. Stacking CV Classifier attained the best accuracy rate of 92.20%, according to a comparative examination of pre-processing and post-processing findings. When compared to previous approaches, the suggested strategies performed better in terms of accuracy, recall, and f1-score. Moreover, the flexibility of the model indicates its possible application to other illnesses with comparable features.

Mushrooms, recognized for their rich medicinal and nutritional content, have garnered significant interest due to their potent antioxidant properties. This study investigates the fruiting bodies and mycelia of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) and grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju). The mushrooms were extracted using distilled water at ratios of 1:25, 1:30, and 1:35 g/mL by soaking in a temperature-regulated shaking bath set at 50°C. The aqueous extracts were analyzed for their bioactive components, including polysaccharides, proteins, GABA, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), along with their antioxidant capacities using DPPH and ABTS assays. The results indicated that the straw mushroom exhibited higher levels of polysaccharides, GABA, TPC, and TFC compared to the grey oyster mushroom, which contained higher protein levels. Specifically, the fruiting bodies extract of the straw mushroom demonstrated the highest levels of polysaccharides (416.94 mg/g extract), GABA (12.86 mg/g extract), TPC (33.27 mg GAE/g extract), and TFC (9.39 mg CE/g extract). Furthermore, the fruiting bodies extract showed greater capacity to scavenge free radicals than the mycelia extract of both straw mushroom and grey oyster mushroom, with DPPH assay values of 0.65 and 0.47 mg TE/g extract, and ABTS assay values of 2.26 and 1.74 mg TE/g extract, respectively. These results suggest that the fruiting bodies possess higher free radical scavenging potential as an outcome of their high levels of bioactive compounds. Consequently, these extracts indicate promise as natural antioxidative agents and could be effectively utilized as ingredients in the culinary industry.

About 1 million of the 6.8 million deaths attributed to disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) each year are caused by neurodegenerative diseases, which include Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, tumors, and ischemic stroke. Because of the complexity of the brain, CNS issues are a major concern. To address issues with toxicity, specificity, and delivery, several drugs are available to treat illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS). Therapeutic drugs are challenged by barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents them from reaching their intended target. Scholars have been investigating pathways for pharmaceuticals to cross the blood-brain barrier and reach their intended targets. These issues show how different cellular processes must be changed or manipulated by nanotechnology to obtain the required properties. Nanoparticles are an efficient replacement for drug delivery and other methods because of their nano size, which allows them to cross the blood-brain barrier. Effective drug transfer and enhanced CNS disease treatment and diagnosis are possible using nanotechnology. Drugs could be altered via nanoengineering to carry out tasks like transferring across the blood-brain barrier, modifying signaling pathways, focusing on certain cells, facilitating efficient gene transfer, and encouraging nerve cell regeneration and preservation.

Background: Niraparib is a significant PARP inhibitor utilized in cancer therapy. This study aims to develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the quantification of Niraparib in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples.Results: A Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C8 column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5µ) was employed with a mobile phase of 0.1% Formic Acid in Acetonitrile (60:40, % v/v). The analysis was performed at an oven temperature of 30℃ with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, and detection was achieved at 240 nm. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R² = 0.9998) across concentrations from 40 to 60 μg/mL. Validation studies confirmed high accuracy, with a mean recovery of 99.96%.Conclusion: The validated HPLC method is robust and reliable for quantifying Niraparib in various formulations, aiding in the stability assessment and ensuring the efficacy and safety of cancer treatment protocols. This method facilitates informed decisions in pharmaceutical development.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was created and verified in this investigation. This methodology offers a fast, easy, affordable, economical, and reliable approach to simultaneously determining amlodipine, rosuvastatin, and hydrochlorothiazide in solution and human plasma. Through the extraction process, acetonitrile was utilized as a precipitating agent for the proteins in plasma. The C18 column was injected with a volume of 10 µL, including ondansetron as an internal standard. The analytes were eluted using an isocratic mobile phase (0.1% acetic acid and 1:4 (v/v) methanol). The method was sensitive and selective for the analytes over a dynamic concentration range of 5 to 600 μg/mL in solution and 0.5 to 60.0 μg/mL in plasma. At a minimum of 0.9988 coefficient of determination, linearity was attained. Within and between runs, the precision and accuracy were 2.87 to 11.41% and 86.2 to 113%, respectively. A comparatively quick run time of less than two minutes (high throughput) was achieved. The current method can be used in many applications, such as bioequivalence investigations and therapeutic medication monitoring, to quantify the relevant analytes.

This study investigates the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Moringa olifera ethanolic extract and evaluates the impact of various process parameters on their physicochemical characteristics. The parameters examined include synthesis time, temperature, pH, stirring speed (RPM), and the ratio of extract to iron precursors. The findings reveal that a lower proportion of the extract increases the entrapment efficiency of the nanoparticles. Specifically, batch ME3 (3:1 ratio) produced the smallest nanoparticles at 117.8 nm, with a drug release of 75.54% and the highest entrapment efficiency at 60.28%. Extending the synthesis time to three hours in batch TM3 resulted in a drug release of 74.23% and a particle size of 116.3 nm. Batch TEM1, synthesized at 70°C, showed the highest entrapment efficiency and a favorable drug release profile of 71.09%, with the smallest particle size of 105.24 nm, suggesting that higher synthesis temperatures favor smaller particle sizes. Adjusting the pH to 10 in batch PM3 achieved a drug release efficiency of 76.02%. Batch RM5, synthesized with a stirring speed of 750 RPM, demonstrated a particle size of 95.7 nm and a drug release of 78.26%, indicating that higher stirring rates produce smaller nanoparticles and enhance drug release. These results highlight the significance of optimizing synthesis conditions to produce nanoparticles with desired properties. The use of Moringa olifera extract as a sustainable reducing and stabilizing agent presents an environmentally friendly approach to nanotechnology. This method has potential applications in drug delivery systems and various other industries, emphasizing the importance of green synthesis in creating sustainable and efficient nanomaterials.

Aim: To quantify Clomiphene and Orlistat in pharmaceutical formulations simultaneously, this study is set out to create a sensitive, fast, and accurate stability-indicating RP-HPLC method. Materials and Methods: The isocratic method was used to achieve the chromatographic separation of the clomiphene and orlistat mixture. A mobile phase was prepared using a 60:40% v/v ratio of acetonitrile to 0.01N Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (P^H 4.8). The Agilent C18 column, with dimensions of 150 x 4.6 mm, a 5 µm particle size, and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was used. With an injection volume of 10.0 mL, the detection system was observed at a maximum wavelength of 240 nm. Results: The retention time for orlistat was 2.12 minutes while that for clomiphene was 2.88 minutes. Various factors, including heat, acidity, oxidation, photolysis, and alkalinity, were used to test the combined medication formulation of clomiphene and orlistat. To ensure that this method is accurate, precise, linear, and sensitive, it was validated according to the standards set out by the ICH. Conclusion: The run time was reduced to 6.0 minutes, enhancing the method’s precision and cost-effectiveness. Stability studies confirmed the technique’s suitability for assessing the degradation of Clomiphene and Orlistat. The proposed method is well-suited for routine analysis in pharmaceutical quality control.

This research delves into the therapeutic potential of Mimosa pudica, known as chuimui or lajwanti in Hindi, for alleviating anxiety and depression, capitalizing on its diverse pharmacological activities. Renowned for analgesic, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, anti-ulcer, and antioxidant properties, the plant emerges as a promising herbal remedy for mental health. The study specifically accentuates its antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, aiming for minimal side effects compared to synthetic alternatives. Pre-formulation considerations involve optimizing the concentration of polymer for in-situ gelation. Preliminary phytochemical screening unveils the presence of bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, quinines, phenols, tannins, and saponins, known for modulating neurotransmission and exhibiting anxiolytic effects. The concentration of deacetylated gellan gum for gelation is fine-tuned using simulated nasal fluid, emphasizing minimal viscosity. Compatibility studies using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirm the absence of significant drug-polymer interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provides insights into thermal behaviour. Six trial batches with varying concentrations are prepared, and final formulations are evaluated for different physico-chemical parameters. Stability studies are conducted at different conditions for three months. The comprehensive investigation aims to inspire advanced research into the manifold benefits of M. pudica, particularly in mental health treatment, paving the way for potential herbal formulations with reduced side effects.

The goal of the current study is to develop and improve polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) loaded with oxiconazole nanogel for topical application. Oxiconazole Nanoprecipitation was used to create the nanoparticles method using PLGA and acetone. The point prediction method served as the foundation for the ideal oxiconazole nanoparticle composition using the Minitab®21 software, three levels two factors (3²). The optimized composition of oxiconazole nanoparticle showed particle size of 185±0.5nm with an entrapment efficiency 95.2±0.09%. Using chitosan, a naturally occurring polymer, the ideal oxiconazole nanoparticle composition was further transformed into a gel formulation. The developed topical nanogel formulation underwent additional evaluations for antifungal, drug release, permeability, and nanogel characterisation. The developed oxiconazole nanogel formulation had the ideal drug content, pH, viscosity, and spreadability. The results of the medication release and penetration investigation showed that oxiconazole released slowly (74.06±0.5%) with significantly enhanced permeation across Franz diffusion cell using membrane. The antifungal ex-vivo study and skin irritancy study of nanogel results would conclude higher activity of oxiconazole nanogel. According to the overall analysis of the data, oxiconazole nanogel is the best delivery method for treating fungal infections on the skin.

Gastro-retentive effervescent floating tablets containing quetiapine fumarate (QP) are available using different viscosity grades of HPMC (HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M, and HPMC K100M) and TD made by the direct compression technique.The outcomes of the pre-compression parameters indicate that the powder mix of the formulations of both drugs has shown good micromeritic properties. Every tablet formulation that was made had the same amount of drug in it. The low standard deviation results imply that the drugs are distributed uniformly throughout the matrices.Drug compatibility with excipients is demonstrated by DSC and FTIR testing. It was discovered that the floating lag time was influenced by the concentration of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. All the formulations (QP1 to QP17) floated for more than 24 hours, while the QP formulations remained buoyant for more than 12 hours.  Accordingly, the present study’s results suggest that the QP floating system has a promising future as a substitute for the corresponding conventional dosage form.

The current investigations involve developing a high-performance liquid chromatographic method that’s simple to operate, fast to establish, accurate, precise, and economical through design-enabled methods. A positive experimental design is offered to utilize the central composite design of pH and the mobile phase, two crucial components of the RP-HPLC technology. The chromatographic conditions were optimized with the release of Design Expert software version 13.0. Symmetry C18 column (4.6×150mm, 5µm) was used in the procedure, along with acetonitrile (20:80 v/v) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer pH 4.0 as the mobile phase. There was a 0.70 ml/min flow rate. 263 nm is the wavelength of detection. Darunavir’s sharp, resolved peak was seen 2.3 minutes after swabbed samples from the 10*10 cm SS plate were injected. A linear calibration curve with an R² of 0.9991 was observed in the concentration range of 0.25 to 25µg/ml. For precision %RSD is 1.03,1.48. Accuracy % concentration 50%,100%,150% mean recovery 99.43-100.53.LOD&LOQ 1.12µg/ml, 3.39µg/ml. Robustness was tested with modest modifications to the wavelength and flow rate. Forced degradation studies were carried out and found to be within the limits. the degradation parameters such as Acid, Base, Oxidative, Photolytic, and thermal degradation parameters are according to the ICH guidelines. % Assay was done for oral films and it was found to be within the limits. Thus, the outcomes unequivocally demonstrated that the QbD technique could be effectively used to enhance the HPLC method for the measurement of darunavir in production settings.

A straightforward, reliable, and thorough approach was created for contemporaneously estimating Teneligliptin, Metformin and Pioglitazone in solid dosage form. It was conducted by means of Agilent C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 m. Mobile phase comprising buffer and acetonitrile and Methanol (55:35:10 v/v) passed across the column at a pace of 0.9 mL/min. The procedure relied on a 0.01N K2HPO4 buffer having a pH of 3.5, which was achieved by diluting an orthophosphoric acid solution. The temperature was kept constant at 30°C. Optimized wavelength for Teneligliptin.  Metformin and pioglitazone was 220.0 nm. Retention times of teneligliptin, metformin and pioglitazone were 2.970 min, 2.395 min and 3.642 min. %RSD of system for teneligliptin, metformin and pioglitazone were 1.3, 0.6 and 1.0 correspondingly. %RSD of method for teneligliptin, metformin and pioglitazone were 0.6 for each drug. % recovery was 100.43, 100.45 and 100.22% for teneligliptin, metformin and pioglitazone accordingly. The regression equations are used to generate the LoD and LoQ values of teneligliptin, metformin and pioglitazone and LoD values were 0.016, 0.26, 0.42 ppm, while LoQ values of teneligliptin, metformin and pioglitazone were 0.048, 0.78, 1.28 ppm, respectively. Regression equation of teneligliptin was y = 56655x + 920.87. Metformin was y = 14194x + 3082.1 and of Pioglitazone was y = = 41330x + 792.61. Reduced retention durations make the new approach easy and cost-effective for use in routine industrial quality control testing.

A new ultra-pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed for accurately and reliably quantifying impurities in Bictegravir. The method utilized Waters Acquity HSSC18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µ) at room temperature. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile and Buffer (0.1% formic acid) in 80:20 and pumped at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. This optimized method achieves exceptional separation of Bictegravir and its impurities with excellent resolution at 281 nm. The method’s accuracy is demonstrated by a % recovery range for bictegravir and its impurities between 99.1 and 100.3%. The correlation coefficient (R²) for BIC and its impurities is consistently above 0.999, indicating high linearity. The method’s robustness was confirmed by its stability against variations in flow rate and mobile phase ratio. Additionally, forced degradation studies confirmed the stability of bictegravir, highlighting the method’s reliability. Overall, developed UPLC method is precise, accurate, robust, and linear, making it suitable for routine analysis of BIC-related substances in quality control laboratories at manufacturing sites during commercial production.

The main objective of this research is to establish and authenticate the High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatographic techniques for the simultaneous assessment of Clindamycin phosphate in combination with Tretinoin (formulation-1) and Clindamycin phosphate with Adapalene (formulation-2), both of which are antimicrobial combinations. In the developed HPTLC methods, for combination-1, the optimised mobile phase was mixture of n-Hexane: Ethyl acetate: ACN: Methanol (5:2:2:1 by volume) with observed R_f values of 0.413 and 0.787 for Clindamycin phosphate and Tretinoin, respectively. Similarly, for combination-2, the mobile phase comprised n-Hexane: Diethyl ether: Dichloromethane: Acetic acid (4:4:2:0.1 by volume) with recorded R_f values of 0.407 and 0.559 for Clindamycin phosphate and Adapalene, respectively. The developed methods are successfully validated as per the regulatory guidelines. This approach proves to be significantly time-saving and cost-effective, rendering it suitability for routine analyses of the formulations containing selected anti-bacterial active pharmaceutical ingredients and commercial formulations.

This study presents the development and validation of a highly sensitive and accurate LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of Zanamivir in human plasma. Utilizing a mobile phase of MeOH and Ammonium Formate (30:70 v/v) and a protein precipitation extraction technique, the method achieves excellent specificity and reproducibility. The calibration curve demonstrated linearity from 4-80 ng/ml with a correlation coefficient (r²) ≥ 0.9994. The method adheres to FDA guidelines, exhibiting high precision and accuracy with intra-day and inter-day variations of 0.81% to 1.98%. The developed method, requiring a minimal sample volume and a short run time, ensures robustness and stability across various analytical conditions, making it an ideal tool for Zanamivir plasma concentration studies.

Aim: 1-Determine cell viability by using docetaxel and lapatinib. 2-Determine the effect of the clinically relevant drugs on the regulation genes. Methods: We employed MTT assays to evaluate the cell viability of three colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, and SW-620) following treatment with docetaxel and lapatinib. Subsequently, RNA was isolated from both treated and untreated HT-29 and HCT-116 cells. HT-29 cells were exposed to 3.9uM lapatinib and 0.027uM docetaxel, while HCT-116 cells were treated with 5.6uM lapatinib and 0.038uM docetaxel. The concentrations used were based on the IC50 values for docetaxel and lapatinib in HT-29 and HCT-116 cells. Real-time PCR analysis was conducted to confirm data. Results:  The results of MTT assays demonstrated a decrease in cell viability for HT29, HCT-116, and SW-620 cells as the concentrations of docetaxel and lapatinib increased. This indicates the effectiveness of both drugs in reducing the viability of these colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, the gene expression analysis revealed that docetaxel and lapatinib had notable effects on the genetic activity of these cells. Specifically, these drugs down-regulated genes that play crucial roles in cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, transcription factors, cell signaling, and oncogenesis. On the positive side, there was an up-regulation of genes related to inducing apoptosis, causing cell cycle arrest, and promoting cellular differentiation in all three cell lines. However, a potential concern emerged as docetaxel and lapatinib also up-regulated genes associated with chemotherapeutic resistance. This suggests a potential challenge in the form of induced resistance to these drugs by the cancer cells. Conclusions: Numerous genes were altered by docetaxel and lapatinib, and many of these changes may be related to the molecular processes by which these drugs inhibit the growth of colorectal cancer cells. This data may be applied to future mechanistic studies and to the development of improved therapies for colorectal cancer.

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Owing to increased prevalence of cancer globally, it has posed a major challenge to healthcare professionals. The main types of cancer that account for high mortality are lung, stomach, liver, colon, and breast cancer. For many decades and even today, the major portion of chemotherapy is based on intravenous administration of drugs, which has its limitations including lack of safety, inconvenience, and poor patient compliance. In present study, formulated a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system for the treatment of cancer. Pre- formulation is the initial stage in drug development where the physical and chemical properties of a drug candidate are studied. This phase involves characterizing solubility, stability, pH, and compatibility with excipients to guide the formulation of a safe, effective, and stable dosage form. Pre-formulation studies are crucial for optimizing drug delivery, bioavailability, and shelf-life.

Ayurveda is the most popular traditional system among these and this indigenous system originated from India. Kumaryasava (KS) is a very popular arishta in our state probably due to their taste, alcoholic content, medicinal uses and physiological importance. The quality assessment of ayurvedic formulation is of prime importance in to justify their acceptability when compared with modern system of medicine. A study reported that therapeutic efficacy of herbal formulation always depends on its method of preparation and hence there is need to develop formulation with statistical optimization. The constituents essential for preparation of KS involve dravya, dravadravya, sandhaneeya dravya, prakshepa dravya and madhura dravya. The other ingredients in formulation were selected based on in silico molecular docking for the antioxidant and hepatoprotective property. In this article attempt is made to describe screening of Kumaryasava formulation for optimization of concentration of sweetening agent, fermentation duration and fermentation temperature for alcohol generated and selection of various excipients that affects formulation efficacy.  According to the preliminary screening study it was observed that the sugar concentration 35-40%, fermentation time 30 days for ghataki flowers and fermentation temperature 25℃ has reported considerably significant results for alcohol content analysed by gas chromatography. The preliminary screening parameters of KS formulation will be applied effective for development of formulation with statistical approach.

Drug therapy targeted for PDA closure is one of the most controversial topics, especially among preterm infants. NSAIDs have been the most widely prescribed drugs for this purpose. The argument included early drug treatment versus watchful waiting (i.e., non-pharmacological strategy) and single versus combination therapy. Previous studies concluded that early use of NSAIDs like ibuprofen resulted in a high rate of nonsurgical closure of PDAs in most treated preterm infants. Recently, the impact of early use of ibuprofen among preterm infants was studied in 2 trials. One concluded that early ibuprofen administration wasn’t related to a lower risk of death or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia than a placebo. The other one concluded that early PDA therapy was associated with lower rates of deaths, and this effect was pronounced among groups who required invasive ventilation. Considering that acetaminophen has fewer adverse effects, a novel strategy using combination therapy (NSAID + acetaminophen) had emerged – for pharmacological PDA closure in preterm infants – as an alternative to NSAID alone with similar efficacy and fewer side effects.

Lornoxicam is available in the market as solid dosage forms, particularly tablets. Liquid chromatography has been the recommended assay procedure for lornoxicam in various pharmacopoeias. While going through the literature, it was observed that for the analysis of lornoxicam, no FT-IR based method was found. The present study involves the development of a novel, rapid, superior, labor-free, non-destructive, and economic FT-IR based analytical technique for the analysis of lornoxicam in both bulk and tablet formulations. The method was validated by International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines Q2A and Q2B and in accordance with the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) guidance and by United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). FT-IR based method is extremely precise, quite linear, very accurate, and has adequate ruggedness. The developed method can be of potential use in the routine quantitative drug analysis of lornoxicam in the pharmaceutical industry for quality control purposes.

The objectives of the study were to developed simple, reliable, sensitive and accurate High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for doxofylline pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. HPLC method was developed for the estimation of doxofylline in pure and marketed, recently expired, and 1 year expired tablet formulation. Chromatographic separation of the drug was achieved on a stainless steel column 25 cm × 4.6 mm, packed with octadecylsilane bonded to porous silica (5 µm), Cosmosil^® C₁₈, column using a mobile phase of Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer: Acetonitrile pH 5.1 (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The drug eluted was monitored at 274 nm and the retention time of doxofylline was found to be 3.575 min, respectively. The validation of developed methods was done according to ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 5-50 µg/mL. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9943 for doxofylline. The average retention time was found to be 3.538 min. The results were reproducible showing the effectiveness of the system. The plate number was found to be 4909 which is also within the limit; i.e. ≥ 2000 prescribed in I.P. The dissolution studies of all three marketed, recently expired and 1 year expired formulation were carried out by using 0.01 M HCl and the results showed almost similar rate of release profile and all of three formulation accomplished the drug release within the limit. The developed and validated HPLC method offers a precise, accurate, and efficient analytical tool for the determination of doxofylline in pharmaceutical formulations.

Background & Purpose: The most prevalent fungus pathogens in humans are said to be Candida species. Candida pathogens have become more common in the last several years. But in the absence of any risk factors, these infections are uncommon. To that end, the current study set out to identify the species of Candida responsible for various clinical samples and establish the risk factors for candiduria. Materials & Methods: The 100 samples from patients who were suspected of having an aging, diabetes, prolonged hospital stays, organ transplantation, recurring bacterial infections, antibiotic use and catheter use were used in the current investigation. Of them, 100 instances involved candidiasis out of which 20 are MDR. Using the germ tube test, colony staining on CHROMagar medium, intracellular beta-glucosidase enzyme activity, and glucose absorption pattern, several species of Candida were identified. Afterwards, internal transcribed spacer region DNA sequencing verified the colonies with the same morphology. Results: Based on the findings, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida Krusei were identified as 40%, 32%, 18%, and 10% of the isolates, respectively. Diabetes, bacterial infections & Urinary tract infections was the most common predisposing factor (23%) however it was proven in all patients that one or more other predisposing variables existed. Patients with these serious infections can only be treated with a restricted number of antifungal agents from a small number of drug classes. Resistance can be intrinsic or acquired; as a result, acquired resistance either develops in response to an antifungal selection pressure in the particular patient or, less frequently, results from the horizontal transmission of resistant strains between patients. Multidrug resistance is 20%, but more and more reports of it have been observed in several Candida species, most notably Candida glabrata and more recently Candida auris. The factors that contribute to multidrug resistance include overall antifungal use (fluconazole & amphotericin B), subtherapeutic drug levels at infection/colonization sites, drug sequestration in the biofilm matrix, and, in the event of outbreaks, suboptimal infection control. Conclusion: The most common fungal species, according to the results, was Candida albicans. Furthermore, bacterial infections were more common. We go over the molecular causes of resistance, treatment and preventative methods.

The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of polymeric-coated cardiac stents. Coronary stents are typically small wire mesh tubes that are used to open arteries that are obstructed over time as a result of the buildup of fat, cholesterol, or other materials. A 10 milliliter isolated blood red blood cell was obtained using the Prozeta cobalt chromium coronary stent, which had the following specifications: stent length = 18 mm, strut thickness = 0.065 mm, expansion range = 2.25 mm to 4.00 mm, and burst pressure = 6ATM. Using an R&D coating equipment, polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers were applied to the coronary stent. Assessments of the polymeric-coated cardiac stent’s biocompatibility and hemocompatibility were conducted using various evaluation criteria. CAD software has been used to help with the stent’s modeling. According to the supplied catalog, the strut’s thickness and width are calculated to be 0.065 mm and its length is 18 mm. The histology of RBC in an isolated sample (polymer coated on stent) found at 2000 Rx was examined using a motic microscope. Using a UV-visible spectrophotometer set to 414 wave length, a 10µg/ml solution of RBC in distilled water was scanned at 200–500 nm to measure the UV absorption maximum. The absorbance was found to be 0.8312 nm. An FTIR analysis of RBC reveals absorptions that include bending and stretching vibrations. Peak Position was discovered at wave numbers 3661.76, 1684.62, 1547.98, 1472.07, 1278.06, and 841.98. Using SEM the surface morphology of RBC was study and it was found the measurements 6.1, 4.2, 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, and 2.2 µm in diameter with standard error 0.548584. It has been determined that PEG-coated material demonstrated significant outcomes that resulted in coronary stent that was both biocompatible and hemocompatible of polymeric-coated cardiac stent, which is a step towards altering the treatment regimen.

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global mental health, leading to an increased prevalence of psychological symptoms such as – anxiety, depression, and insomnia. This review explores the potential role of Shirodhara, an ancient Ayurvedic therapy, in alleviating post-COVID psychological symptoms. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to May 2024, using terms such as “Shirodhara,” “post-COVID,” “insomnia,” “anxiety,” “stress,” “oil dripping therapy,” and “depression.” The findings indicate that Shirodhara may significantly promote mental well-being through its calming effects. Despite the promising results, further research, including Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), is needed to validate these findings and integrate ‘Shirodhara therapy’ into mainstream mental health treatment protocols. Tackling the psychological consequences of COVID-19 necessitates a multifaceted strategy, with Shirodhara potentially being key to improving the well-being of those impacted.

The creation of novel anticancer drugs is the aim of this research. Our decision about which compounds to synthesis was aided by docking studies. Using data from the protein databank and refinement from BIOVIA discovery, the protein structure of AGF183 (PDB5IZQ). It was subjected to molecular docking investigations using PyRx 0.8 Autodock Vina software. following the creation of a novel sequence of thiophene-2,5-carbohydrazide. Final chemicals such as thiophene-2,5-carbohydrazide derivatives (G1 and G2) are produced via the Japp Klinegmann process. This reaction makes it possible to produce Schiff bases without any problems. Diethylthiophene-2,5-dicarboxylate was reacted with an aromatic diazonium salt to create the final products. When compared to the reference drug imatinib, the synthesized compounds exhibited the strongest anticancer effect. The study conducted on MCF-7 cell line demonstrated that compounds G1 and G2 demonstrated the most potent anticancer effect. Compared to the reference value of imatinib, which is 52.77 µg/ml and has G1 and G2 docking scores of -8.8, -8.6, and the standard medication methotrexate (-11.87 kcal/mol), their IC50 values were 46.52 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml. On base of characterization results above show that it Japp Klinegmann Synthesis method is useful for synthesis of thiophene hydrazone derivatives and its findings imply that the MCF-7 cells, which are utilized to potential treatment for human breast cancer..

The aim of the present investigation is to study the antidiabetic potential of Hesperidin and Apigenin in Diabetic rats. Wistar Albino rats of either sex (150 to 200 g) were purchased from the CPCSEA approved vendor New Delhi. A total of three animals were used, which received a single oral dose in 500 mg/kg, body weight of different flavonoids. Doses equivalent to 25 mg and 50 mg per kilogram body weight were calculated, and suspended in 1% w/v Tween 80 solutions for the experiment. For OGTT, Different doses of both flavonoids i.e. Hesperidin & Apigenin were administered 60 min prior to oral glucose load (2.0 g/kg). Diabetes was induced in overnight fasted rats by Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), 15 min. after the i.p. administration of Nicotinamide (120mg/kg). Streptozotocin was dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) & nicotinamide was dissolved in normal saline. During the study period of 21 days, animals was weighed at 0, 7, 14 and 21 day and effect of vehicle, standard drug and all solvent fractions on body weight was determined. Blood samples was collected by cardiac puncture and retro-orbital plexus method into EDTA sprinkled tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min. Serum was separated as supernatant and stored at -20°C until analysis performed. The biochemical parameters, namely hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL determined. The other biochemical tests were performed using kits from Erba Diagnostics. Hesperidin and Apigenin significantly prevented the increase in blood glucose levels after 60 min. of glucose administration at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. After 21 days blood samples were collected by retro-orbital plexus under mild anesthesia. Diabetic control group with no drug treatment showed no significant difference in the fasting serum glucose level after 21 days treatment as compared to the initial day treatment. Hesperidin & Apigenin (25 mg/kg & 50 mg/kg) treated diabetic rat showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in body weight. The diabetic rat treated with glibenclaimide (10mg/kg) showed gradual and consistent increase in body weight. Treated diabetic rat with Hesperidin & Apigenin showed significant fall in total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C level at dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg. The Hesperidin and Apigenin had the antidiabetic activity with effects on lipids and other kidney markers.

The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus disease marked by increased blood glucose levels, has reached epidemic proportions. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the current landscape of diabetes therapies and outlines future prospects for improving the management and treatment of this condition. The current scenario highlights a multifaceted approach to diabetes management, with a focus on lifestyle interventions, oral antidiabetic drugs, insulin therapy, and emerging technologies like continuous glucose monitoring and closed-loop systems. While these approaches have significantly improved the lives of people with diabetes, several challenges persist. These include medication adherence, hypoglycemia risk, and the financial burden of diabetes care. Innovative treatments that improve glucose regulation, improve cardiovascular health, and help patients lose weight—like SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists—have showed promise in treating these issues. The future prospects for diabetes therapies are exciting, with ongoing research into cell-based therapies, including pancreatic islet transplantation and stem cell-derived beta cells. Personalized medicine approaches, driven by genetics and artificial intelligence, hold the potential to optimize treatment regimens and predict individual responses to various therapies. Furthermore, advancements in telemedicine and digital health technologies will enhance patient self-management and remote monitoring.

The field of dermatology is being revolutionized with the introduction of precision delivery strategies, especially nanogels, which are improving the therapeutic potential of dermatological interventions. The present review has been compiled to elaborate on the remarkable potential of nanogel systems in targeting tazarotene, a retinoid that is deeply and widely utilized for treating several skin ailments such as acne, psoriasis, and photoaging. Given their outstanding priority, nano gels have attracted significant attention due to their distinct extent characteristics, including high biocompatibility, governed discharge properties as well and fast skin penetration contributed to improving formulation contrast of the traditional method. In this review, we summarize the various mechanisms of how nanogels enhance tazarotene solubility, stability and bioavailability, finally achieving better therapeutic effects with lower side effects. The article also delves into the latest nanogel manufacturing methods and what they mean for potential dermatologic treatments of the future. Leveraging the power of nanogel-based delivery routes ensures more efficient, targeted treatments; these innovative nano-delivery vehicles will enable a revolution in dermatological practice.

As a growing cause of mortality and morbidity, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the world, particularly among elderly people. The symptoms of Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by the loss of neurons and the degeneration of neurons. Neurodegenerative diseases are understood to have several causes, but their causes remain a mystery. It is important to note that there are many approved drug regimens for NDs, which can be used to treat symptoms but cannot heal the condition. It may be possible to utilize natural products to prevent and treat NDs in a very positive way. Several perennial herbs grow along Indian roadsides, including Pergularia daemia (Asclepiadaceae). Thespecies can be found widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Natural medicine has developed a significant interest in this plant species, which is rich in flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and terpenoids. Several chronic diseases, including cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, have been successfully treated with these secondary metabolites. Aside from this, they have notable pharmacological properties, including analgesic, anorectic, and antioxidant properties. This review provides a synthesis of existing knowledge regarding the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of P. daemia, emphasizing its potential as a natural medicine source.

Sterols have a crucial role in the structure of cells of plants and animals membranes. Animals and plants are rich in cholesterol and beta-sitosterol, respectively. Vegetarians consume a lot of β-sitosterol, but their absorption is quite low. Because of their structural similarities, beta-sitosterol competes with cholesterol for absorption and is consequently utilized as an antihyperlipidemic drug. ß-sitosterol’s pharmacological screening showed a variety of non-toxic antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antifertility, angiogenic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antinociceptive properties. It is also well-studied how β-sitosterol pharmacokinetics work. Numerous authors have produced several formulas. Nevertheless, dearth of research reported on the pharmacology, phytochemistry, and market outlook of β-sitosterol.

Olfactory dysfunction, defined as either a complete or partial impairment of smell, is a common condition that may substantially affect a person’s quality of life and is frequently difficult to treat. Physical activity, heredity, nutrition, smoking, head trauma, medical treatments, and virus exposure all influence one’s capacity to smell. Hyposmia or anosmia, or loss of smell, affects 3% to 20% of the population. Intranasal insulin can improve cognitive performance, reduce food intake, and boost olfactory thresholds in healthy individuals. As people age, they are more likely to experience olfactory dysfunction, which may be affected by a variety of reasons, such as acute and chronic sino-nasal illness, upper respiratory infections, toxic chemical exposure, and degenerative diseases. About ten percent of those over 65 develop olfactory impairment, which can range from mild loss to total anosmia. Insulin resistance in the central nervous system has been linked to conditions like type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, obesity, and poor odor identification. Reduced odor perception may contribute to reduced olfactory function in anosmic patients.

Quality by Design (QbD) is a cutting-edge pharmaceutical development that enhances analytical method robustness by emphasizing a thorough understanding of processes, risk management, and continuous improvement. Unlike traditional methods that often focus on end-product testing, QbD integrates quality into the development stages through a structured process. This involves defining the analytical target profile, identifying critical quality attributes, and employing the design of experiments to optimize method parameters. The implementation of QbD begins with a comprehensive understanding of the analytical objectives, leading to the identification of method variables that impact quality. Using risk assessment tools such as failure mode and effects analysis, developers can pinpoint potential risks and focus on areas of highest concern. Design of Experiments (DoE) plays a crucial role in this approach by exploring the interaction between variables and establishing a robust design space. Organizations can decrease variability, comply with regulations, and perform better methods when they adopt QbD concepts. This systematic approach not only minimizes the risk of method failures but also ensures consistent product quality, leading to increased patient safety and satisfaction. Furthermore, QbD facilitates faster development cycles and cost efficiencies by reducing the need for post-launch troubleshooting and modifications. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the role and significance of QbD in analytical method development, highlighting its components, benefits, and impact on the pharmaceutical industry.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is lowering the period and cost of the medication research and discovery process Artificial Intelligence is a revolution of medical research in pharmaceutical companies. In a review article, we give a summary of the many artificial intelligence tools of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques that will be used in drug research and discovery in the future. AI techniques and tools are more specifically designed or better programmed to mimic the operations of the human brain. AI is frequently used in drug discovery for de novo drug creation, virtual screening, reaction prediction, and de novo protein design. In addition, the application of AI and techniques of AI. ML is a disease diagnosis, de novo drug design, drug prediction for diseases, and big data prediction using ANN, CNN, and SNN, as well as deep learning. Furthermore, the function, applications, and methods of AI. Technological hurdles also face the contemporary XAI, and “low level” molecular representations (such as SMILES strings) that are useful for machine learning and AI tools are ‘deep chem’ in drug development several cutting-edge methods referred to as Knowledge Base Systems (KBS). AI-based nanorobots are drug discovery on creating implantable nanorobots for the targeted delivery of medications and genes, factors including sustained release, dose modification, and control release need to be taken into consideration. Finally recent development of ML and DL techniques and AI models are more useful in the drug development and drug discovery process.

Bosom malignant growth, otherwise called carcinoma of the bosom tissues, is the most widely recognized disease that repeats in ladies and the main source of death around the world, guaranteeing almost 5 million lives yearly. The world’s most developed regions have a higher incidence rate of BC than less developed regions. Yet, the demise rate was found to be more prominent in immature countries. Fewer curative options were discovered in approximately 7% of women under the age of 40. A reasonable system for its initial recognition and viable treatment might come from recently created imaginative conveyance innovations. In order to work on the therapy of bosom disease, the current focus of cancer research is on developing new delivery methods for chemotherapeutic medicines, such as liposome assemblies, hydrogel-based extracellular particles, dendrimer, microspheres, microbubbles, phytosomes, micelles, and nanoformulations. In order to diagnose and treat BC, numerous cutting-edge medication delivery technologies and methods are discussed in this review.

Vaccination has lowered, across the globe, morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. It is considered one of the basic principles of preventive health measures. The World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunization defined vaccinations that are required and their tremendous benefits to public health, which are discussed in this review article. These involve the vaccinations taken against most communicable diseases, such as COVID-19, polio, measles, rubella, pneumococcal diseases, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, tuberculosis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The article points out that quite a number of vaccinations have been proven effective and safe and if administered, could prevent serious disease, disability, and death. For example, vaccination against measles has been rated to be vital in the containment of outbreaks within nonimmune populations, while the DTP vaccine is paramount in decreasing the cases of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria. The effect of vaccination can be exemplified by the dramatic decrease in the occurrence of serious bacterial contagion in children since the introduction of conjugate vaccines against Hib and pneumococcus. Notwithstanding these successes, there are persistent obstacles, such as vaccine hesitancy, misinformation, and inequities in access to vaccines, all heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article discusses the global impact of vaccination efforts under siege and appeals for further public health efforts toward the attainment of these goals.

Medicinal herbs have garnered significant attention as possible healing go-betweens for Alzheimer’s illness due to their diverse bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. This review explores the efficacy of various medicinal herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Bacopa monnieri, in managing Alzheimer’s virus. These herbs contain compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and curcuminoids, which show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Through mechanisms like free radical scavenging, modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, and enhancement of synaptic plasticity, these herbs may offer promising adjunctive treatments to conventional therapies. The review highlights current research findings, discusses the mechanisms of action, and identifies future research directions to validate the clinical benefits of these herbal remedies in Alzheimer’s virus management.

To identify and assess the likely causes of antibiotic overuse in the Pediatric outpatient department (OPD) of a busy teaching hospital. Overuse of antibiotics has emerged as a significant global pediatric concern. Specifically, the sale of drugs without a prescription from a doctor and other circumstances may have an impact on the abuse of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is encouraged by the misuse of antibiotics, particularly when antibiotics are used, even when they are not the recommended course of therapy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that between one-third and half of all antibiotic usage in humans is unwarranted or improper. Viral pathogens are the primary cause of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in children compared to adults. Interestingly, compared to adults with RTI, very little is known regarding the usage of antibiotics in children.

Everyone has heard the irony about rural health care in nations with poor or medium incomes because it is so far away and the roads are so bad people can’t get there, but everyone has cell phones, which allow instant communication over hundreds of miles. Over 5 billion people were wireless customers as of 2010. According to a survey by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 80% of people living in rural areas and over 90% of people on the planet had access to mobile networks. To control and improve the prenatal care that women receive, and their entire state of health. Out of the 100 pregnant women who used the smartphone mobile terminal app, they delivered a baby. These one hundred were the “experimental group” in the sense that they worked at the hospital and were part of the health assistant app testing process. The control group consisted of hospitalized pregnant women who did not take part in the app’s management.

Antibiotic misuse, characterized by inappropriate use, over-prescription, and self-medication, is a severe threat to health in that it increases the rate at which antibiotic-resistant bacteria develop. This paper provides a review of antibiotic misuse concerning adult patients, an outline of factors that perpetuate it, the consequences, and the possible mitigation strategies. We discuss patient-related issues, such as lack of knowledge and non-compliance, problems with healthcare providers in terms of over-subscription and poor training, and system problems like poor stewardship programs and lack of regulatory efforts. In addition, the authors debate the environmental consequences of poor antibiotic stewardship coming from agriculture use and contamination. The consequences of misuse include the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and deleterious drug reactions, but also imply significant costs to the health system. The review calls for increased antibiotic stewardship, improved patient education, the development of new antimicrobial agents, and good policy infection control. This review is essence, a call to multifaceted efforts in the fight against the misuse of antibiotics and stresses that continuous research works are required to change policies. Antibiotic misuse is emerging as a global problem because addressing this problem not only ensures sustainability in the existing antibiotics but also assures that public health is protected.

One of the main forms of cancer treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy failure is a common occurrence, primarily because of dose-limiting toxicity linked to medication resistance. Effective treatment resistance management is essential for chemotherapy to be successful. Numerous reports in Chinese literature suggest that organic materials can overcome medication resistance in cancer cells, and these findings should be shared with scientific and industrial groups. The reports were condensed into four categories by us: 1. research on cell line models in-vitro; 2. serum pharmacokinetics; 3. in-vivo research employing animal models; and 4. clinical research. For the first time, antidrug resistance activity was found in 14 single compounds. Drugs have been proven to overcome drug resistance in-vitro in a dose-dependent manner by blocking drug transporters, cell detoxification ability, or cell apoptosis sensitivity, even at nontoxic and subtoxic concentrations. Research conducted in-vivo revealed that herbal extracts, single components, and formulations all exhibited strong antidrug resistance properties. A significant number of individual chemicals, herbal extracts, and combinations have been applied in clinical settings to treat a range of illnesses, including cancer. Comprehensive information on the utilization of natural compounds in China to combat drug resistance in cancer cells is provided by this review, which could help in the creation of organic substances for the therapeutic treatment of drug resistance in cancer patients.

Obesity, a metabolic disease with multiple manifestations, has become an epidemic around the world, necessitating efficient and long-term solutions. Since there is an extensive list of phytoconstituents and mechanisms for effective conventional herbal remedies, there has been a lot of focus on potential applications for managing obesity. This study focuses on multiple ways that plant-based compounds in various herbal remedies may help combat obesity. The strategies include modifying adipogenesis, ceasing lipogenesis, accelerating lipolysis, regulating appetite, helping insulin respond more effectively, and altering the gut microbiota. We address the function and clinical evidence of key phytoconstituents from plants like bitter oranges (synephrine), green tea (catechins), and Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) in maWe also consider potential complications and explore opportunities for investigating and developing herbal weight loss solutions. We may be able to use plant phytoconstituents as additional treatments or prevent overweight and associated problems by understanding their intricate working methods.

This in-depth review examines the recently emerging field of using exosomes from milk as anticancer medication nanocarriers. It gives a summary of the most current developments, difficulties, and opportunities in this cutting-edge therapeutic strategy. Exosomes are found in many different body fluids and are considered a promising option for precision medicine due to their biocompatibility and innate cell-targeting abilities. These extracellular vesicles are nanoscale. The review commences with a comprehensive synopsis of the composition and biogenesis of exosomes derived from milk, highlighting their distinct membrane properties and capacity to transport cargo. Interestingly, these naturally occurring nanocarriers hold a variety of bioactive substances that can be precisely delivered as anticancer medications. These substances include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Because dietary(poly) phenols are rapidly metabolized, their ability to prevent cancer is limited. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes may shield polyphenols from metabolism. Our objective was to evaluate the anticancer effects of free curcumin and resveratrol in breast cancer cell lines compared to their encapsulation in extracellular matrix derived from milk. Breast tissue was disposed of kinetically using rats. Curcumin and resveratrol were assessed using UPLC-QTOF-MS and GV-MS, respectively. Dietary polyphenols have a limited capacity to prevent cancer due to their rapid metabolism. Extracellular vesicles called exosomes may shield polyphenols from metabolism. Our goal was to assess in breast tissue. UPLC-QTOF-MS and GV-MS were used to evaluate curcumin and resveratrol, respectively. Curcumin and Resveratrol anticancer activity and bioavailability were improved by milk extracellular urea, which served as Trojan horses to get around the ABC-mediated chemoresistance of cancer cells. Exosomes derived from milk are being studied for their potential as carriers of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, emphasizing the potential benefits of personalized and precision medicine approaches to cancer treatment. The review also covers the challenges that the clinical translation of milk-derived exosome-based drug delivery systems currently faces, including scalability, standardization and safety profiles. The article’s conclusion presents an optimistic view of how milk-derived exosomes will develop in the future in terms of anticancer medication delivery. The review highlights the revolutionary potential of using milk-derived exosomes, nature’s nanocarriers, to advance the field toward more precise and effective cancer treatments, anticipating future advancements and emerging trends.

Eliminating the fact that the use of free pharmaceuticals in conventional dosage forms usually involves difficulties in hitting the target site at the appropriate dose after or during a correct time period, medication targeting specific organs and tissues became one of the century’s most important initiatives. Thus, finding new drug delivery strategies and modes of action are lines of battle. Difficulties are still encountered with radiation therapy to accurately track the movements of lung tumors while treatments are being admitted. The development of MRI-linac hybrid system prototypes offers the possibility of real-time, ionization-free tumor imaging. This study assesses how well lung tumor tracking algorithms function on five healthy participants’ cine-MRI sagittal images. The targets were vascular structures that could be seen. Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality in the world. This is one of the heterogeneous diseases that include, at the basic level, two main subtypes: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Less than 20% of patients with LC survive for 5 years on average despite recent improvements in treatment. The effectiveness of existing therapeutic techniques is impaired because of severe off-target effects and innate or acquired medication resistance. The two major types of lung cancers are SCLC and NSCLC; among these, the former is the most frequently diagnosed. Lung cancers account for the highest mortality rate due to cancer. The application of nanomedicines can partially overcome the failures that are associated with the anticancer therapies against NSCLC. One of the nanoparticle subfields that hold out much promise for better delivery while ensuring stability and sufficient bioavailability of administered anticancer medications is nanomedicine.

Background: Smart, or controlled release systems are one of the major developments in pharmacology which has the potential of improving the efficacy of a drug while reducing the toxic impact it has on the rest of the body. These systems include all the nano-technological strategies and controlled release strategies targeted at delivering drugs to the tissues. Aim: Verify and quantify the effects of different drug delivery systems throughout the quality of radiological imaging. Thus, the study aims to determine the most useful strategies referring to the improvement of the contrast, Method: From PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases starting from 2019 to 2024, an electronic search yielded 6858 articles, out of which only relevant English articles were considered. The search criteria included articles and reviews concerning advanced drug delivery system, while exclusion factors were low methodological quality of the studies and articles published in languages other than English. In total, 8 papers were identified that met the criteria for further qualitative analysis, which creates a reasonable and strong foundation for the synthesis of the developments in question. Results: Evidently, progressive nanocarriers and SDDS were established to improve significantly the quality of radiological imaging over conventional DDS. Liposomes, micelles, and quantum dots, which are examples of nanocarriers, as well as SDDS, exhibited enhanced targeting precision, increased bioavailability, and enhanced contrast in imaging. However, the following drawbacks were highlighted: Toxicity of the materials, biocompatibility problems, and high costs of fabrication. Conclusion: The current reviewed works are revealing major progresses in the drug delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles and quantum dots nanocarriers employed for the targeted and stimuli-responsive delivery of the drug molecules. Some of the key findings pointed towards the effectiveness of such microsystems in increasing drug solubility and bioavailability, reducing systemic toxicity and in overhauling therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment and other health applications.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of permanent vision loss worldwide and is characterised by progressive optic neuropathy with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as a major risk factor. Although successful, the current therapeutic strategies are often severely limited by their need for chronic dosing, systemic side effects and poor patient compliance. Brimonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist which acts selectively, has been beneficial through its IOP-lowering effects by diminishing aqueous humor production and improving uveoscleral outflow. A novel medication delivery technology to enhance ocular bioavailability and extended drug release is brimonidine, formulated as a niosomal gel. The aim of this study is to highlight its clinical efficacy, formulation strategies and mechanism of action that significantly improved glaucoma therapy. Key studies illuminate its potential benefits in reducing dosing frequency, avoiding side effects and increasing patient compliance. Additional study and optimization required to scale-up manufacturing or ensure long-term stability. Possible future directions: combination medications and delivery systems personalized medicine possible future directions in the treatment of glaucoma might include combination medicines and personalized medicine techniques tailored to patient-specific needs. Brimonidine niosomal gel may be a new approach for glaucoma management and it can change the concept of intraocular drug delivery in the future.

Skin-related disorders like psoriasis, dermatitis, acne, and wounds affect a major sector of the global population. Conventional treatment modalities exhibit limitations encompassing systemic adverse effects, suboptimal skin permeability, and variable drug release kinetics. Nanoemulsion-based hydrogels, also known as nanoemulgels, have emerged as a promising approach for topical and transdermal drug delivery, particularly in treating skin disorders. These have the advantages of nanoemulsions and hydrogels, offering enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Further, nanoemulgels can facilitate controlled and sustained drug delivery, reducing the frequency of application and improving patient compliance. These nanoemulgels hold significant prospects in topical and transdermal applications, particularly in delivering therapeutic cargo in diseases such as mycoses, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. This review will outline the functions of nanoemulgels, the building blocks of nanoemulgels, their formulation techniques, evaluation parameters, and their pharmacological applications. Further, an overview of the current state of research in the field of nanoemulgels, future directions, and challenges associated with nanoemulgels was also provided.

Counterfeit pharmaceuticals pose a significant global health threat, with dire consequences ranging from ineffective treatment to severe health complications and death. This paper explores how blockchain technology (BCT) can revolutionize the fight against counterfeit drugs and enhance healthcare integrity. Counterfeit drugs are defined as medications falsely claiming their source, efficacy, or validity, often containing incorrect amounts of active ingredients or harmful substances, leading to various adverse patient outcomes. Counterfeit drugs remain prevalent, especially in countries labeled as LMICs, with 13.6% an estimate of medications being counterfeit, resulting in financial repercussions exceeding $200 billion. Blockchain technology offers a robust solution to these challenges through its decentralized, tamper-proof digital ledger system. Each transaction recorded on the blockchain is immutable and transparent, ensuring data integrity and preventing unauthorized alterations. This technology can significantly enhance drug traceability, allowing stakeholders to verify the authenticity of medications from manufacture to patient delivery. Blockchain technology’s promise to enhance transparency, efficiency, and security in healthcare is compelling. Its adoption can lead to a more resilient, equitable, and patient-centric healthcare ecosystem, reducing counterfeit drugs and improving overall patient care. As blockchain solutions mature and gain acceptance, their impact on the healthcare value chain—from drug discovery to patient care—will become increasingly significant, driving innovation and advancing global health and well-being.

The twice high incidence risk of cancer in men was the reason for over a million new cases and deaths recorded globally in 2018. The two most frequent cancer-related fatalities are lung and breast cancer. Novel therapies have been made possible by developments in immunotherapy, biology, and pharmaceutical design. Novel cancer prevention and therapy elements are being made possible by technological advancements and studies on marine natural resources. The creation of innovative anticancer medications is utilizing marine-derived natural products (MNPs). Biologically active polyketides, high molecular weight organic sugars, terpenes, bioengineered alkaloids, and marine animal peptides are some examples of these MNPs. Anticancer drugs are also developed with the help of plants, animals, invertebrates, and microbes found on land. The National Cancer Institute is exploring the potential of nutrition and food in cancer prevention despite the absence of preclinical and clinical data. Marine organisms contain bioactive compounds that have potential anticancer effects. Polyphenols, polysaccharides, and alkaloids are some of the active components found in marine species. Polyphenols, found in edible seaweeds like Palmaria palmata, can lower cancer cell division and proliferation, while polysaccharides trigger the innate immune system, causing apoptosis in pancreatic islet cancer and human leukemia cells. Alkaloids, derived from marine sources, can inhibit cancer cell development. Peptides, found in various plant species, have shown cytotoxic effects on several human cell lines, including pancreatic, breast, lung, and bladder cancers. Marine drug approval faces challenges like the possibility of a resurgence of different metabolites due to environmental conditions and limited lead compound availability.

Green bioanalytical chemistry, with its focus on incorporating sustainable practices into developing bioanalytical methods, has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact of laboratory activities. This approach, while maintaining the high standards required for analytical precision and accuracy, includes key strategies such as reducing hazardous chemicals, optimizing energy use, and implementing waste-reduction practices. This review highlights recent advancements in green bioanalytical chemistry, including green solvent systems, miniaturized techniques, and eco-friendly analytical platforms. We discuss the benefits, such as reduced environmental pollution and improved resource efficiency, challenges, and future perspectives of integrating green principles into bioanalytical method development, emphasizing the balance between sustainability and analytical performance.

Trace amounts of heavy metals are present during cosmetic products manufacturing. (1) Therefore, they should be kept to a minimum acceptable level as stated by the FDA and pharmacopeias. (2) It is so far known that human external contact with these substances rarely result in a significant systemic exposure. However, many research studies showed that frequent local exposure to cosmetic products containing heavy metals may pose a risk of heavy metal contamination. (1,2) Heavy metals such as mercury (Hg) are added to skin-whitening products, causing acute or chronic damage to human skin cells. (1) Moreover, contamination of hair dyes and deodorants with Aluminum (Al) and Lead (Pb) threaten consumers’ health dangerously for carcinogenic effects. Other possible side effects included microcytic anemia and osteomalacia. (3) Additionally, it was found that Al provokes further side effects on human mental health as dialysis dementia and it has also been associated with the neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in adults. (4) Furthermore, Pb is a core component of many lipsticks, which reflects a high systemic absorption due to wrong consumers’ habits. Frequent use of lipsticks containing Pb specially by children and adolescents has been significantly linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children. (5) Therefore, strict regulations should be set for cosmetics manufacturing and quality control measurements should be assigned for pre- and post-marketed cosmetic products.

Moringa oleifera Lam., which is commonly known as the “drumstick tree,” is a beautiful plant that has been used for many years in traditional ways and is now being studied by scientists. This thorough review covers a lot of different areas of M. oleifera, from its botanical features to the many ways it is used in medicine, nutrition, and protecting the environment. In the introduction, it is explained that M. oleifera is found all over the world and does well in tropical and subtropical areas in places like Asia, Africa, and the Americas. There are many names for M. oleifera, including the drumstick tree, the ginger tree, and the ben oil tree. It is known for being useful and adaptable. This review goes into more detail about M. oleifera‘s health benefits and nutritional value, focusing on how full it is of natural antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. People all over the world have used M. oleifera for hundreds of years as a food source and herbal medicine because its leaves, seeds, flowers, and pods are full of important nutrients. This review looks at how M. oleifera can be used as a medicine, focusing on its antibacterial properties and ability to reduce pain and inflammation. Modern research backs up its traditional uses and suggests that it could be useful in treating diabetes, high blood pressure, and skin problems. Besides being good for people’s health, M. oleifera is also a great plant for protecting the environment. Because it grows quickly, doesn’t die from drought, and improves the soil, it is very useful in agroforestry and land restoration. It can also do well in a variety of climates, which shows how useful it could be for reducing climate change and promoting biodiversity. The review ends by talking about the bigger effects that growing M. oleifera has on society, like how it helps with food security, economic empowerment, and protecting the environment.

Process Validation is a GMP concept and is required by the agencies to assure quality of the manufactured drug products. The need, motivation, understanding and the practices of Process validation have evolved enormously from the time of its inception. The lifecycle (modern) approach of process validation and its elements are discussed in detail here. The review article aims to provide a general understanding of the concepts of lifecycle approach of process validation. The review further provides an illustration for practical implementation of the concepts outlined for the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry through an example of a hypothetical sterile injectable product. A properly developed process/product according to principles of lifecycle approach discussed in this article should meet the expectations of majority of regulatory agencies.

The eye is a vital component of the human sensory system, but various things can pose a
threat to its cleanliness and well-being. An in situ ophthalmic gel is one of the preparations developed to optimize the pharmacological activity in the eye. This formulation is intended to extend the drug’s duration in the eye. An assessment is necessary to guarantee its occurrence and mitigate any adverse repercussions. The literature search conducted in this evaluation focused on an in vivo study, enabling the collection of various pharmacokinetic data including Cmax, Tmax, AUC (Area Under Curve), and MRT (Mean Residence Time). The polymer is an essential element in this inquiry, so the selection must be accurate according to the results of the literature review, the most effective method is HPLC, and the most effective polymer is a composite polymer formed by combining different types of polymers, such as Pluronic F127 and carbopol, pectin and thiolate, poloxamer and carbopol, and gellan gum and hydroxyethylcellulose. Aside from the polymer mixture, the poloxamer solution has the potential to produce highly positive results.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health problem that cause a lot of illness, death, and high healthcare costs.  As medical science advances, the number of people with CVDs continues to rise, necessitating the development of new methods for their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In recent years, using digital health technologies in cardiovascular care has become a good way to improve patient outcomes and make disease management better. It is possible for digitalis medicines, which come from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpurea), to improve heart health in the digital age. In the field of cardiovascular medicine, this in-depth review looks at digitalis’s historical importance, pharmacology, clinical uses, safety concerns, and digital transformation. The review starts with an overview of the epidemiological setting and the problems that CVDs cause, emphasizing the urgent need for creative solutions to deal with this worldwide health event. This article deals with how it has changed over time, from herbal remedies to modern drug therapy. It informs about the pharmacology of digitalis, mostly the way it works, its pharmacokinetics, and its pharmacodynamics. Pharmaceuticals that contain digitalis mainly work by stopping the Na+/K+ ATPase pump. The medication can help with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and some types of arrhythmias. Digitalis’s digital transformation is looked at, with a focus on the way digital health technologies are used in its management, monitoring, and effectiveness.  The review highlights that digitalis-based interventions could change the way cardiovascular medicine is done in the modern era.

A class of radioactive substances used for medicinal or diagnostic purposes is known as radiopharmaceuticals. The biomolecular characteristics of radiopharmaceuticals, i.e., the regions of bright signal seen on PET (positron emission tomography) or SPECT (Single photon emission computed tomography) scans that indicate a high metabolic requirement for tissue, make them prone to localize to certain tissues even if their administration is frequently systemic. Radiopharmaceuticals also act as radioactive tracers among patients via gamma-ray emissions. As a result, patients may get radiopharmaceuticals as diagnostic tools to look for any anomalies related to biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, or anatomy. Internal administration of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals can be used to treat certain abnormal cells or organs by means of a selective impact.

Grafted copolymers, extracted from plant exudates, have emerged as promising materials for their potential activity in site-specific drug delivery. These biopolymers, derived from natural sources, provide biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional diversity. This review focuses on the methods of grafting copolymers onto plant exudates, the characterization of these novel materials, and their potential applications in drug delivery to the specific targeted areas. We focus on specific grafted polymers such as Tamarindus indica acrylamide grafted polymer (TIAG), Sterculia urens acrylamide grafted polymer (SUAG), and Eucalyptus obliqua acrylamide grafted polymer (EOAG), among others, to investigate their advantageous characteristics in delivering potent molecules to the intended site of action, thereby enhancing crucial modalities such as the onset and duration of action. This review also highlights the mechanisms of drug release, targeting strategies, and the therapeutic benefits of using these biopolymers in medical applications.

Influenza is commonly called flu is an acute respiratory illness that is easily communicated and was estimated to affect about 5 to 15% of the adult population in the US alone annually. It is thus important not to underestimate it even if it is seen as just a slight inconvenience that is actually linked to a very dangerous disease that has been taken lightly for too long. To get a perspective of the threat that influenza poses to humanity, it is important to consider the above challenges that are on human health, global climate, and Economy. In this article, an effort will be made to give details of the current scenario of influenza, the possibilities of this disease becoming a pandemic in future and the steps that are necessary to contain them equally this article will highlight the mechanisms of mutation and evolution in Influenza virus including antigenic drift and antigenic shift, the current perspective and understanding of antiviral resistance in Influenza viruses, the mechanisms of resistance and impact on treatment outcome

A successful combination of Tegafur, Gimeracil, and Oteracil is used to treat stomach cancer in adults. Once converted to 5-fluoro uracil, the active form of Tegafur inhibits the manufacture and function of DNA and RNA, hence preventing the proliferation of cancer cells. Consequently, a new, sensitive, and cost-effective bioanalytical approach for the detection of these medications performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on rat plasma is needed. Isocratic mode was employed at room temperature to achieve separation on a C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm x 3.5 µm). A mobile phase composed of ACN and 0.1% formic acid was used in the 40:60 ratio with a flow rate of 1mL/min. An analysis was conducted on Tegafur, Gimeracil, and Oteracil using a 6-minute retention time and the retention times of them were found to be 2.027, 3.176, and 4.015 respectively.  The R2 values were found to be 0.9999 showing the method linear. The method developed was found to be accurate and precise as per ICH guidelines.

The pancreas is an elongated, soft, flat, lobulated, and yellowish gland located on the posterior abdominal wall in a transverse orientation. The structure is located in the retroperitoneum and has a thin capsule. An abrupt response to pancreatic injury is known as acute pancreatitis (AP). Chronic pancreatitis can lead to enduring harm to the composition and the pancreas’ endocrine and exocrine functions. The term idiopathic RAP (IRAP) is employed when the reason cannot be readily identified by the assessment of physical examination, medical history, basic laboratory tests (calcium and serum triglyceride levels, for example), and diagnostic imaging studies (e.g., CT scans and transabdominal ultrasounds). With endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), you may see the inside of your digestive tract and any surrounding tissues in high resolution and real time. When it comes to evaluating a wide variety of benign and malignant GI illnesses, this technique is both efficient and cost-effective. Somatostatin inhibits the release and manufacture of certain enzymes, which in turn decreases the pancreas’ ability to absorb amino acids. The release of somatostatin from the pancreatic islets is stimulated by high glucose concentration.

Diabetic foot ulcers are permanent scars in people with diabetes that result from nerve damage, inadequate blood flow, and infection. The ulcers not only cause significant financial burdens but also remain poorly controlled, necessitating the need for new therapeutic approaches. Moringa oleifera, or Moringa, has the potential to be more valuable in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers due to its long-standing and traditional use. Several civilizations, especially in Africa and Asia, have administered the Moringa plant for quite a long period of time, due to its medicinal values in curing wounds and infections through traditional medicine. It is precisely the extensive composition of phytochemicals, including vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, that shapes this herb’s medicinal potential. Ultimately, these are elements that relate to meaningfully striking antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant impacts. The extracts of Moringa are known to carry a pharmacological potential that, importantly, contributes to wound healing. Research indicates that the herb can accelerate wound healing, lower the number of microorganisms, and promote the regeneration of damaged tissue. Some of the basic mechanisms include oxidative stress regulation, promotion of collagen formation, and mitigation of inflammatory reactions, all of which play a crucial role in the improvement of ulcer healing. In the near future, the incorporation of Moringa into treatment against diabetic foot ulcers presents substantial hope. Future studies should focus on formulation procedures to improve and understand the long-term consequences of combined applications with traditional therapies. Applying Moringa’s natural healing abilities to ulcer treatment could potentially transform diabetic foot ulcers treatment into long-lasting plant-based solutions, improving patient outcomes.

Coronary artery disease is the medical term for atherosclerotic coronary disease, which causes the coronary arteries to constrict and inadequately provide blood to the heart.  ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, & unstable angina are the three conditions that comprise acute coronary syndromes. Studied cases with STEMI have been advised to take several drugs in addition to early reperfusion treatment, such as antiplatelet & anticoagulant medications. The goal of antiplatelet medications is to stop platelets from aggregating together. Oral dual antiplatelet medication, which combines lifetime aspirin with an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, is the main antiplatelet therapy in STEMI.  Aspirin ought to be administered to all studied cases immediately following diagnosis, and a low dose of treatment should be continued indefinitely. Heart mortality and severe adverse cardiac events are strongly and independently correlated with the presence & size of scarred tissue seen by cardiac MRI. Scar transmurality measured by cardiac MRI in studied cases with healed infarcts & ventricular dysfunction predicts patient survival and functional recovery following revascularization. Patients with heart illnesses that have a history of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction may be at risk for unfavorable results based on echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac structure & function. Because speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is quick and simple to do, it can be used in acute settings as well. It can be used for further risk stratification following revascularization, before invasive coronary angiography, or in cases when a diagnosis is unclear, if available.

HemophiliaA (H.A.) has beenanuncommon hereditary X-linked bleeding disorder indicated by clotting factorVIII (FVIII)deficiency, leading to impaired hemostasis. H.A. affects approximately one in 5,000male births in the U.S., often resulting in spontaneous joint bleeding, chronic pain, and an increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Prophylactic treatment with FVIII replacement or the bispecific antibody emicizumab has become a crucial strategy to prevent bleeding episodes and long-term tissue damage. Emicizumab, approved by the FDA & EMA in2018, mimics FVIII activity by binding to activated factorIX (FIXa) &factorX (F.X.), facilitating blood clotting regardless of FVIII inhibitors. The development of emicizumab involved extensive bioengineering to optimize its safety, stability, and efficacy, leading to its successful application in clinical trials. These trials demonstrated that emicizumab significantly decreases the annualized bleeding rate in studied cases with or without inhibitors, including severe H.A. cases, with a favorable safety profile and minimal adverse events. Emicizumab’s subcutaneous administration, high bioavailability, and predictable pharmacokinetics make it a practical option for H.A. prophylaxis. Despite its benefits, emicizumab can interfere with specific coagulation assays and may develop anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) in rare cases, potentially reducing its efficacy. Ongoing research and post-marketing surveillance continue to assess its long-term safety and effectiveness, making emicizumab a transformative treatment in managing hemophilia A.

Scars have always been an issue, and the majority of treatments have failed to address them adequately. The biggest obstacle that plastic surgeons still face is finding an effective procedure that works for all skin types in the long run. In a non-invasive way, external volume expansion (EVE) devices use suction to mechanically stretch and stimulate tissues. Different studies have proposed various mechanisms for how stretch releases the skin, including mechanical action on individual cells, inflammation, ischemia, and soluble mediators that promote cell proliferation, adipogenesis, and most crucially, vascular remodeling. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a product made from autologous blood that is concentrated in plasma volume and contains an abundance of platelets, growth factors, and chemo/cytokines. The contents of the alpha and dense granules in PRP have the ability to provide a high concentration of growth factors to the tissues that need them. Autologous fat grafting, initially described by Neuber in 1893 and subsequently improved by Coleman, is a relatively new alternative to scar tissue removal. It is believed that autologous fat grafting improves skin quality by increasing dermal thickness and volume via stimulating the neosynthesis of collagen fibers. It is still unclear what impact autologous fat grafting has on scar tissue, despite its growing popularity in the medical field, and the use of postoperative cephalosporin is very essential for guarding against infection and losing of fat. Critics have cast doubt on its usefulness due to the fact that survival rates can range from 30% to 80% , the infection rate and loss of fat

Background: Cholelithiasis is the most prevalent condition affecting the gallbladder and biliary tree. Gallstones are commonly discovered during imaging tests for other pathologies. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a preferred modality for the treatment of gallstone disease. Objective: The primary aim of the study is to determine the efficacy of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as a routine investigative modality in the symptomatic presentation of cholelithiasis prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: A total of 50 participants with single or multiple stones in the gall bladder found on ultrasound were included in the study. Enrolled patients underwent routine investigations. The baseline demographic details like patient name, age, gender, clinical presentation, and upper endoscopy findings were documented. The visual analogue scale measured the intensity of the pain. Results: A total of 36% of patients were in the age group of <30 years. The highest incidence of cholelithiasis was observed in female gender. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom. The most common upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings were gastritis followed by gastritis erosion. A significant reduction of pain was noted in Group I compared to Group II at first- and fourth-week time durations. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis has similar clinical presentations to other upper gastrointestinal diseases. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy can be recommended for patients with atypical presentation to prevent post-surgical adverse outcomes.

Mangiferin, a bioactive constituent of Mangifera indica (family Anacardiaceae), has an impressive therapeutic profile, having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory properties capable of possessing wound healing potential. Our investigation aims to isolate and characterize mangiferin, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and production of chitosan alginate (Cs/Alg) film dressing loaded with mangiferin Ag-NPs and assess antibacterial and wound-healing properties against infected excision and burn wounds. The isolated mangiferin was authenticated by estimating melting point, thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ag-NPs were green synthesized and characterized by UV-visible, particle size, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (%EE), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and stability study. Chitosan alginate membrane dressing was prepared by incorporating mangiferin Ag-NPs, and film thickness, pH, film weight, water intake capacity, and in-vitro drug release parameters were estimated. Among the four mangiferin Ag-NP batches, MN3 formed stable polydispersity spherical Ag-NPs with smaller particle size and high %EE. Mangiferin-loaded Cs/Alg film MN-CM4 showed significantly higher (p < 0.001) drug content, wettability, release profile, and favorable pH changes. The mangiferin Ag-NPs embedded Cs/Alg film dressing showed a significantly high antimicrobial effect against the gram-positive bacterial strain of S. aureus, commonly found in wounds. MN3 and MN-CM4 treatment showed the shortest epithelialization period and enhanced wound closure. The hydroxyproline content has significantly (p < 0.001) increased, and myeloperoxidase content was reduced by MN3 and MN-CM4 treatment. MN-CM4 treatment showed complete re-epithelialization reduced inflammatory cells with thicker and denser collagen fiber deposition. The effectiveness of the Cs/Alg film of mangiferin Ag-NPs dressing has a synergistic effect on promoting speedy wound healing. The Cs/Alg film of mangiferin Ag-NPs showed rapid wound healing against infected and burned wounds, enhanced collagen synthesis, and anti-inflammatory and antibacterial efficacy

Background: An estimated 7% of elementary school children suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a mental neuro-developmental condition marked by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and lack of attention. Atomoxetine is one of the most important medications for ADHD however Risperidone has been used as a label for the treatment of ADHD. Aim: To study the Efficacy of Atomoxetine alone vs. Atomoxtine with Antipsychotic (Risperidone) in ADHD children. Subjects and Methods: 54 Egyptian children with ADHD, ranging in age from 6 to 18. They meet the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and have been receiving therapy at Al Hussian Hospital’s psychiatry clinic. Conner’s 2 scale was used to evaluate each patient for ADHD. Between January and June of 2024, a study was carried out on all children receiving therapy for all forms of ADHD using either Atomoxetine alone or in combination with an antipsychotic (Risperidone). Results: When Atomoxetine was administered to 27 children, it demonstrated a moderate level of efficacy in 12 of 27 patients (44.4%) for all children with ADHD, regardless of type, but it significantly improved the inattention type of ADHD in 4 from 4 patients (100%). Given to 27 children, the combination of Atomoxetine and Risperidone demonstrated a greater effect on 24 of 27 patients with (88.9%) for all ADHD children, and it showed a discernible improvement on 9 out of 9 with (100%) for ADHD hyperactivity type.

Hypertension (HTN) and pre-hypertension are significant global health challenges, particularly in rural populations where access to healthcare and lifestyle education is limited. This cross-sectional study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Erode, Tamil Nadu, beginning in October 2022, aimed to quantify the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension among 412 rural adults and explore the role of lifestyle factors, particularly yoga participation, in blood pressure management. A total of 412 participants were surveyed for demographic details, lifestyle habits, and health metrics such as blood pressure, BMI, and heart rate. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, while pre-hypertension was defined as SBP 120-139 mmHg or DBP 80-89 mmHg. The study found a 32% prevalence of hypertension and a 28% prevalence of pre-hypertension. Regular yoga participants had significantly lower systolic (mean 120 mmHg) and diastolic (mean 75 mmHg) BP compared to non-practitioners (mean SBP 135 mmHg, DBP 85 mmHg). These findings highlight the critical role of yoga and lifestyle changes in managing blood pressure in rural populations, supporting the need for public health policies that promote yoga as a preventive intervention.

Background: Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, particularly in rural areas where healthcare access is limited. This study investigates predictors of pre-hypertension and hypertension, with a focus on yoga and lifestyle factors such as physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among rural adults to collect data on demographic factors (age, gender, education level), lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol, physical activity), and yoga participation. Blood pressure was measured and classified into normal, pre-hypertension, and hypertension categories. Logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of hypertension and pre-hypertension. Results: Key predictors of hypertension include age (OR = 0.998), gender (OR = 0.648 for males), and BMI (OR = 1.012). Alcohol consumption was significantly associated with higher hypertension risk (OR = 1.293). Yoga participation, particularly improvements in flexibility, showed a modest reduction in hypertension odds (OR = 0.945). Non-yoga physical activity also demonstrated a protective effect (OR = 0.958). Conclusion: Lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and physical activity play important roles in hypertension risk. While yoga showed some benefits, particularly in flexibility improvements, further research is needed to explore its long-term effects. Public health interventions targeting modifiable risk factors, including yoga, may help reduce the prevalence of hypertension in rural communities.

This comprehensive review explores that subjoining of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) have improved effect on cardiovascular biomarkers in the human subjects, focusing on its potential role in addressing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which are major global health challenges exacerbated by risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Systematic analysis of various randomized controlled trials, evaluates alpha-tocopherol’s effects on LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, total cholesterol levels etc. The synthesis of current literature consistently indicates that alpha-tocopherol treatment leads to significant reductions in systolic blood pressure compared to control groups. Furthermore, substantial evidence supports alpha-tocopherol’s ability to increase HDL-cholesterol levels and decrease LDL-cholesterol concentrations, suggesting beneficial impacts on lipid profiles. The review also discusses alpha-tocopherol’s influence on additional cardiovascular biomarkers such as Troponin I, B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-BNP, Troponin T, C-reactive Protein (CRP), Lipoproteins, Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB), Myoglobin, and Fibrinogen, highlighting its potential broader effects on cardiovascular health indicators. Overall, this review underscores alpha-tocopherol’s potential as an adjunctive therapy for managing cardiovascular risk factors, particularly hypertension and dyslipidemia. The findings suggest that alpha-tocopherol supplementation may induce favourable changes in cardiovascular biomarkers, offering insights into its therapeutic potential and calling for further investigation in clinical settings.

The influence of UV-C radiation and garlic extract on the shelf life and storage of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum L. cv. Arka Rakshak) was investigated in this study. Fresh tomatoes were subjected to four treatments: control (untreated), UV-C (1.2 kJ/m²), garlic (10% w/v aqueous extract), and UV-C (1.2 kJ/m²) + garlic (10% w/v aqueous extract). The treated tomatoes were preserved at 4°C for 14 days, and their physical, chemical, and microbial properties were analyzed at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days. The combination of UV-C and garlic treatments lowered the loss of firmness, maintained color, and minimized weight loss. The UV-C treatment enhanced the initial lycopene and total phenolic content, while the combination treatment showed the best retention of these bioactive compounds during storage. The garlic treatment contributed to the antimicrobial activity, and the combination treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total plate count and yeast and mold count compared to the control. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected in the samples throughout the storage period. The results demonstrate the potential of UV-C radiation and garlic extract as natural preservatives for improving the shelf life. The combination treatment can be an effective approach to reduce post-harvest losses and ensure the safety and nutritional value of the produce.

Background: Known by its common name, Ocimum tenuiflorum, this leaf is a fascinating one with a long history of therapeutic and medicinal uses. This evergreen leaf, which is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, is well known around the world for its versatility and capacity to treat a wide range of illnesses. Objective: The primary goal of this bioanalytical investigation is to identify and structurally clarify the principal phytoconstituents found in the Ocimum tenuiflorum ethanolic extract. Method: In this phyto-analysis, spectral analysis was used to clarify the structure of the phytoconstituents that were extracted from the Ocimum tenuiflorum plant using column chromatography. Result and Conclusion: Using spectrum analysis (I.R., NMR, and mass spectroscopy), two significant isolates from Ocimum tenuiflorum, Apigenin and Carnosic Acid, were found and their structures clarified.

Eluxadoline, exhibits potential as an irritable bowel syndrome treatment and management strategy. Eluxadoline, a mu-opioid receptor agonist and delta-opioid receptor antagonist, has shown efficacy in relieving IBS symptoms. However, its applications have been limited due to low water solubility, which causes a low dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. In this study, we aimed to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of eluxadoline by formulating polymeric nanoparticles of eluxadoline. Polymeric nanoparticles of chitosan loaded with eluxadoline were prepared using the ionic gelation method. The formulation parameters including concentration of chitosan, concentration of tripolyphosphate and volume of tripolyphosphate were systematically optimized using a Box-Behnken design to achieve nanoparticles (CNP1-CNP17) with optimal physicochemical properties. The optimized formulation based on particle size of (300.4 nm) with a low PDI value (0.305), zeta potential (41.2mV) and % entrapment efficacy (76.89%). The efficiency of the drug release from optimised formulation was studied in vitro by using a dialysis bag diffusion technique in buffer condition pH 6.8 intestinal condition and showed a sustained release behaviour with maximum drug release 80.23%. Thus, the findings demonstrated that the formulated chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticles present a promising strategy for efficiently delivering eluxadoline via oral administration, offering a potential solution for treating irritable bowel syndrome.

Background: Helicobacter pylori shows high rate of antibiotic resistance and declining eradication rates; thus, a salvage therapy is needed. Vitamin D is known to have antimicrobial and immune modulatory properties. Observational studies linking Vitamin D serum levels to H pylori eradication have paved a way for interventional clinical trials. Aim: To study the effect of adding Vitamin D to the standard clarithromycin based triple therapy on eradication rates of H pylori. Subsidiary aim was to detect vitamin D serum levels among Egyptian Children infected with H pylori. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial including 200 children with an age range between 5-15 years, presenting to pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy, and diagnosed as having H pylori infection based on histopathology of their gastric biopsy specimens, they were randomly allocated to 2 groups, one group received the standard clarithromycin based triple therapy, while the other group received  1000 IU Vitamin D 3 in addition to the triple therapy. Fecal antigen was done 1 month after stopping the medications to diagnose success of eradication. Results: The eradication rate of H pylori was significantly higher (82 %) among the group receiving Vitamin D supplementation , in comparison to the other group (51%). Also, Vitamin D intake was an independent factor for predicting the success of eradication (odds ratio: 5.08, CI: 2.51-10.98, P value=0.0001). Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation improves eradication rates of H pylori among children especially at communities with prevalent Vitamin D deficiency.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to discuss efficacy of epanutin in controlling fits in patients with posterios fossa ependymoma in paediatric patients and the surgical removal of posterior fossa ependymoma tumour, focusing on the extent of the surgery and the resulting outcomes. Materials And Methods: From January 2022 to December 2023, a total of 10 children diagnosed with fourth ventricular ependymoma underwent surgery using the telovelar technique. An assessment was conducted to determine the extent of radicality, neurological result, comorbidities, and survival rates. A statistical analysis was conducted to assess the ameliorative impact of epanutin in controlling convulsions in patients with posterios fossa ependymoma in paediatric patients. Results: Complete excision of the tumor was successfully accomplished in 8 individuals, representing 80% of the total. Every patient necessitated the diversion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by means of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. One patient (10%) experienced cerebellar mutism, one patient (10%) experienced bulbar paralysis (lower cranial nerve palsy), and 3 patients (30%) exhibited tumor recurrence. Subtotal resection (p=0.020) and anaplastic ependymoma (p=0.038) were shown to be linked with a poor prognosis, as indicated by overall and progression-free survival rates. Moreover, twelve patients showed convulsions in postoperative period and epanutin was used in these patients and controlled fits in 75% of these patients. Conclusion: The telovelar technique offers a sufficient anatomical view of the fourth ventricle and enables early observation and safeguarding of its floor (brainstem). It promotes sufficient thoroughness and is linked to a reduced occurrence of cerebellar mutism and other issues related to the method. Removing the posterior arch of the atlas can enhance the working angle, especially towards the front section of the fourth ventricle. Epanutin is effective in controlling convulsions in patients with posterior fossa ependymoma.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between disease duration, ADMA levels, and vitamin D deficiency in children with nephrotic syndrome compared to healthy controls. Background: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a pediatric kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema, often leading to cardiovascular and metabolic complications. ADMA, a marker of endothelial dysfunction, and vitamin D deficiency are significant concerns in NS management. Methods: This study included 25 children with NS and 25 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Serum ADMA and vitamin D levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between disease duration and the biomarkers. Results: Children with NS showed significantly higher ADMA levels and lower vitamin D levels compared to controls. Disease duration was positively correlated with ADMA and negatively correlated with vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Prolonged NS is associated with increased endothelial dysfunction and vitamin D deficiency, highlighting the need for comprehensive monitoring and targeted interventions to reduce cardiovascular and metabolic risks in affected children.

This comprehensive study of the effect of clinical pharmacist-initiated optimisation of pharmacotherapy in patient role with acute coronary syndrome. In this context, the authors conducted a open-label, randomized regulated testing in which 324 patient role with ACS were admitted to five tertiary care centres from January 2022 to March 2024. The primary objectives set were assessing the effect of clinical pharmacist involvements on medication safety and guideline adherence, leading to better clinical outcomes. The presented results were significantly reduced medication errors, guideline adherent prescribing, and a minimised 30-day rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). This study supports clinical pharmacists’ integral role in optimising pharmacotherapy for patients with ACS and provides evidence of long-term benefits in cardiovascular care.

In this study we have examined phytochemical, pharmacognostic screening and determined antioxidant property of Trichosanthese dioica (T.dioica) leaf as well as fruits. We have found T.dioica showing many active phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, carbohydrates, triterpenes, flavonoids, proteins and oils etc.. Individually physicochemical parameters were determined for leaf and for fruit like total Ash value were found to be 11.21 for leaf and 10.33 for fruit, acid insoluble ash value 1.47 and 2.01, water soluble ash value 4.40 and 5.54, loss of drying 20.11 and 18.29 extractive value 10.35 (ether) and 12.00, extractive value 8.25 (water) and 10.20, alcohol soluble extractive value were to be 11.06 and 14.41. The Rf value were calculated and values were 0.25 and 0.34. Based on result obtained from the investigation, maximum DPPH free radical scavenging property was shown at the concentration of 100 µg/ml that was 63.08% for leaf and 67.18% for fruit.

Edaravone (EDA) is an effective antioxidant that is easily degraded, which diminishes its therapeutic efficiency. The present study assessed the hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of edaravone and its solid dispersion with Kollidon VA 64, a water-soluble polymer. The characterization of the edaravone and solid dispersion was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The results revealed that edaravone undergoes extensive degradation under hydrolytic conditions at pH 2, 5, 7, 10 with the following respective rate constant K: 0.00983 through 0.0107, 0.01279, and up to 0.0201 min⁻¹, as well as under oxidative conditions in 3% H₂O₂ with a K of 0.00924 min⁻¹. The stability of solid dispersion with KVA 64 was greater with a reduced degradation rate constant of 0.00326, 0.00109, 0.00145, 0.00277 min⁻¹ in pH 2, 5, 7, 10, respectively, and under oxidative conditions in 3% H₂O₂ with a rate constant K 0.00392 min⁻¹. The study provides valuable insights into the degradation kinetics and stabilization of edaravone using solid dispersion.

SGLT2 inhibitors have become cornerstones in the treatment of HF across the spectrum of ejection fractions, with several trials such as EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER showing these drugs to decrease all-cause mortality and hospitalizations. Whereas the favorable effects of SGLT2i on left ventricular function are well established, those of SGLT2i on right ventricular function remain relatively unexplored. This review shall investigate the importance of RV function in HF, particularly about the positioning of the pacemaker lead and its impact on cardiac output. It was underlined that the most important function of advanced echocardiographic techniques, such as three-dimensional echocardiography and speckle-tracking imaging, provided an opportunity for more valid RV systolic function compared to traditional measures such as TAPSE. This includes the following: SGLT2i probably may improve RV function due to the drug’s effect of reduction in pulmonary arterial stiffness, hemodynamic profile improvement, and favorable metabolic shift in myocardial energy utilization. Several emerging pieces of evidence suggest that, beyond the reductions in hospitalization, SGLT2i is associated with significant improvements in RV systolic function, as evidenced by improved parameters such as RV fractional area change and longitudinal strain. Further mechanistic studies, focusing on the action of SGLT2i on RV function, should be emphasized, including anti-inflammatory effects and vascular compliance. In brief, the incorporation of SGLT2i in heart failure management may exert an optimum effect on both LV and RV functions with a strong emphasis on overall cardiac evaluation. This work will also require extended comprehension of RV dynamics in the clinical field toward better improvement in the outcomes among patients suffering from heart failure through targeted therapies.

Recently, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) of the interleukin 1 receptor family has become an important biomarker in cardiovascular disease, more precisely in coronary artery disease. This review discusses two isoforms of ST2: the membrane-bound ST2L and its soluble form, sST2. Specifically, the interaction between sST2 and IL-33 is quite important; while IL-33 exerts actions to induce inflammatory responses, sST2 acts as a decoy receptor in suppressing such actions and reflects myocardial stress. High circulating levels of sST2 have been associated with poor clinical outcomes of CAD, and increased risks for MACE and all-cause mortality have been mainly seen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite this, the long-term prognostication of sST2 has remained largely unexplored, with very few data available in the literature regarding its predictive value in large cohorts with extended follow-up periods. Other issues are that colchicine may further exert an additive salutary effect on the cardiovascular component in gout-either directly or indirectly through regulation of sST2 levels. Placebo-controlled studies revealed that colchicine reduced inflammatory markers, thereby reducing the rate of MACE in CAD patients.Thus, the possible integration of sST2 measurement into clinical practice might finally translate into some real improvement in risk stratification and the management strategy in CAD patients. Therefore, large prospective studies will be needed to fully delineate the relationship of sST2 with CAD outcomes and its relationship to possible treatments, including colchicine. This review thus discusses the need for more research studies in defining the role of sST2 as a biomarker in cardiovascular health for further improvement in CAD patient management outcomes.

Acute kidney injury is a prevalent consequence in studied cases who have acute pulmonary insult, in many studies reported incidence rates of up to 35%. AKI and ARDS together ensure a worse prognosis, including increased death. Describing the risk factors that make AKI more common in these studied cases is necessary. Understanding these factors could aid physicians in better managing these conditions, ultimately reducing mortality Hypertension, diabetes, high BMI, and mechanical ventilation, drugs (antimicrobials such as fluroquinolones, NSAIDS, RAAS blockers and diuretics) are significant predictors of AKI in patients with respiratory diseases. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring and managing these factors to mitigate the Occurrence of AKI in critical care settings. Antibiotic resistance is a common factor in the development of AKI. studied cases receiving antibiotics are frequently predisposed to an increased risk of AKI because of underlying medical conditions & the severity of their illness. In addition, certain medicines can have direct effects on the kidneys.

This research explores the antibacterial effects of platinum nanoparticles (PlNPs) created with an aqueous leaf extract from Azadirachta indica. Biosynthesized PlNPs has shown excellent antibacterial action against both gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria., indicating their potential for use in biomedical fields. The efficacy of PlNPs was assessed by measuring the inhibition zone (ZOI) and conducting killing kinetics studies. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the biosynthesized PlNPs was evaluated against chemically synthesized PlNPs using the MTT assay on L929 cell lines.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents a significant global health concern, with profound implications for both mortality and long-term disability, particularly among younger demographics. Despite advancements in intensive care management and the establishment of standardized protocols, mortality and morbidity rates among TBI patients remain alarmingly high. Current prognostic models, relying on demographic factors, clinical assessments, and radiological findings, often lack robust predictive capacity, necessitating exploration of alternative indicators for early outcome prediction in TBI cases. Inflammatory responses play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of TBI, with rapid alterations observed in platelet count and function within minutes post-injury. Inflammatory cytokines, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), contribute to secondary inflammatory cascades, correlating with the progression of secondary brain injury. Many drugs are currently being evaluated as potential treatment for TBI. Though the exact mechanism is unknown, amantadine(memantine) as anti alzheimer  medication appears to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist and an indirect dopamine agonist also Oxiracetam is a pro-intellectual drug used for mild-to-moderate vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, memory and intellectual impairment due to traumatic brain injury. Nonetheless, oxiracetam has been sporadically studied in the treatment of severe craniocerebral injury ( Yazar et al.,2021).

Application of pharmacoeconomic data to medicine management decisions remains in its infancy in many developing countries. In recent times, as the cost of drugs increases and budgets shrink further, the application of economic evidence now becomes imperative in helping to optimize healthcare resources. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among randomly selected hospital pharmacists from secondary and tertiary healthcare institutions . Data collection was done with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire, while data analysis was done using suitable descriptive and inferential statistics, with the level of significance taken as p < 0.05. The knowledge of the pharmacoeconomic concepts among pharmacists was still evolving, as shown in this study (MWA 2.07). There were also significant associations between the age and rank of the respondents and their knowledge and attitudes, p < 0.05. The overall mean weight attitude to pharmacoeconomic evaluation was found to be moderately positive, at 2.997, while pharmacoeconomic evaluations practices were inadequate, with a mean weight attitude of 2.36. This study strongly recommends the adoption of appropriate policy measures and targeted training to improve the assimilation of pharmacoeconomic practices.

Objectives: This study examined the relationship between the timing of a child’s first dental visit before age 5 and the presence of dental disease by kindergarten.Methods: We analyzed  data which were linked to oral health surveillance data for kindergarten students . We compared caries rates in children who had their first dental visit before age 60 months (n = 11,394) using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Separate analyses were conducted for those who had preventive visits and those with tertiary visits.Results: Children who had their first visit between ages 37–48 months and 49–60 months experienced significantly lower rates of dental disease compared to children who visited by 24 months (IRR = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.81, 0.95; IRR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.82). However, the disease rates were similar between children who had a tertiary visit by age 24 months and those who visited later. Conclusions: Medicaid-enrolled children in this study often sought dental care reactively, indicating limited access to preventive services. High-risk children should be prioritized for a preventive dental visit before age

Although rotating shift work is known to negatively affect health, its specific impact on hospital   Nurses’ and healthcare providers’ health remains unclear, largely due to incomplete consideration of lifestyle factors and variations in work schedules. The relationship between work schedule characteristics, lifestyle habits, and perceived stress among   Nurses and healthcare providers has yet to be fully established. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between these factors in a sample of 340   Nurses and health care providers from two hospitals, with a final analysis conducted on data from 329 participants. Work schedule details, lifestyle habits (including physical activity, diet, and sleep patterns), and levels of perceived stress were analyzed using linear regression models. The findings indicated that   Nurses and health care providers working fixed day shifts experienced lower perceived stress (β = 0.15, p = 0.007) compared to those on rotating shifts. Among rotating-shift   Nurses and health care providers, those on fixed evening and fixed night shifts reported longer sleep duration (β = 0.27, p < 0.001; β = 0.25, p < 0.001) than those with non-fixed rotating schedules. Longer periods of rotating shift work were linked to healthier eating habits (β = 0.15, p = 0.008), better sleep quality (β = −0.17, p = 0.003), reduced perceived stress (β = −0.24, p < 0.001), and shorter sleep duration (β = −0.17, p = 0.003). Overall, the study suggests that hospital   Nurses’ and healthcare providers’ work schedules significantly influence their lifestyle patterns, including diet, sleep, and stress levels. Fixed shifts were associated with better lifestyle habits and reduced stress, while extended rotating shifts appeared to enable   Nurses and health care providers to adapt their lifestyle behaviors more effectively.