Hemoglobinopathies are inherited blood disorders that affect the hemoglobin molecule, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. These disorders can be caused by mutations in the genes that code for the globin chains that make up hemoglobin. They can result in abnormal hemoglobin structure, reduced hemoglobin production, or both. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of hemoglobninopathies detected by capillary electrophoresis method in individuals by capillary electrophoresis method. Methods: This study was carried out on 395 individuals referred medical college. Blood samples were collected in EDTA vacutainer tubes, then CBC including blood indexes (MCV, MCH), level of Hemoglobin A, Hb F, Hb A2 and other hemoglobin’s were evaluated and also genetic tests applied for them to confirm results that were acquired by capillary electrophoresis method. Results: 77 (19.7%) subjects had HbA2 ≥3.5%, thus were classified as beta thalassemia carrier and 3.3%, 2.5%, 1.5% and 0.5% of the individuals were heterozygote for Hb S, Hb D, Hb C and Hb Bart, respectively. Results of the genetic analysis showed the mutations in these subjects; cd36-37(-T) was the most frequent mutation in beta thalassemia carriers in this geographic region. Conclusion: This study showed high frequency of beta thalassemia mutations in the (19.7), and 7.85% of the individuals had hemoglobin variants including Hb S, Hb D and Hb C detected by capillary electrophoresis. Capillary electrophoresis could be used for detection of hemoglobinopathies.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder causing elevated blood glucose levels. It leads to complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, affecting organ systems. Understanding these complications is crucial for healthcare providers to provide comprehensive care and prevent long-term adverse outcomes. Peripheral neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy are common microvascular complications, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to diabetes management. Aims: The aim of the study is to assess the incidence of peripheral neuropathy and its effect on the severity of retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: The present study was a Observational and cross-sectional study. This Study was conducted from 1 Year at Department of Ophthalmology. Study population 150. Result: A significant association was found between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetes mellitus (DM) groups (χ² = 150.0000, p < 0.0001), with varying eye involvement across DM subgroups (χ² = 84.6154, p < 0.0001). Motor and sensory nerve latency and amplitude changes were strongly associated with DM status (χ² = 38.2353, p < 0.0001). Additionally, RNFL thickness decreased with increasing DR severity (χ² = 58.0364, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes patients is linked to advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy, necessitating early screening and comprehensive diabetes care to manage complications.