Background: Effective analgesia during positioning and postoperative recovery is essential in femur fracture surgery. The Pericapsular Nerve Group (PENG) block has recently emerged as a targeted technique with potential advantages over the Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block (FICB). Material and Methods: This prospective comparative study included 30 patients undergoing femur fracture surgery, who received either a PENG block or an FICB. Pain during positioning for spinal anaesthesia, postoperative analgesia duration, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Results: The PENG block provided lower pain scores during positioning, prolonged postoperative analgesia, and greater hemodynamic stability compared with the FICB. Conclusion: The PENG block may be considered a more effective regional anaesthesia technique for femur fracture surgery due to its superior analgesic and physiological profile.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern, with poor glycemic control leading to serious complications. Emerging evidence suggests a role of vitamin D in glucose metabolism. Aim: To evaluate the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and glycemic control (HbA1c) in T2DM patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 T2DM patients aged 30–70 years. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using CLIA and HbA1c by HPLC. Vitamin D status was categorized as deficient, insufficient, or sufficient. Correlation was analyzed using Pearson’s coefficient. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 62% of patients, while 72% had poor glycemic control. Mean HbA1c was highest in deficient (8.4±1.1%) and lowest in sufficient groups (6.7±0.6%). Most deficient patients (26/31) had poor control, whereas better control was seen with sufficient vitamin D levels. Conclusion: An inverse relationship exists between vitamin D levels and HbA1c. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with poor glycemic control, suggesting its potential role in T2DM management.

Background: Recent demographic and epidemiological trends indicate that populations are living longer with an increasing burden of chronic diseases worldwide. Metabolic disorders such as fatty liver changes, hypercholesterolemia and impaired glycemic control are rising globally and may influence ocular refractive status through biochemical and osmotic mechanisms. However, the relationship between metabolic disorders and refractive errors has not been adequately explored. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and age-wise concurrence of metabolic disorders (fatty liver changes, hypercholesterolemia, and elevated HbA1c levels) with refractive errors (normal vision, myopia, presbyopia and astigmatism). Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among adults aged 20–60 years. Participants were stratified into four age groups. Metabolic parameters were assessed using ultrasonography for fatty liver changes, serum cholesterol estimation for hypercholesterolemia and HbA1c levels for glycemic status. Other investigations such as blood pressure monitoring, electrocardiography (ECG) and treadmill test (TMT) were performed but excluded from the present analysis. Refractive status was determined using standard refractive examination techniques. The association between metabolic disorders and refractive errors was analyzed using the chi-square test. Results: Fatty liver changes and hypercholesterolemia peaked in the 30–50 years age group, while elevated HbA1c predominated in the 50–60 years group (88.9%). Refractive errors showed a transition from myopia in younger subjects to presbyopia in the older age group (81.5% in 50–60 years). Significant associations were observed between age group and metabolic disorders (p < 0.0001) and between age group and refractive errors (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The present study highlights the association between metabolic disorders and refractive errors across different age groups, emphasizing the importance of metabolic evaluation in patients presenting with refractive abnormalities.

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is commonly injured in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Because the MCL has better healing capacity than the ACL, the general perception is that MCL inju-ries can be treated conservatively. Treating these injuries conservatively, however, can lead to residual valgus laxity. Furthermore, it delays time to surgery, which prevents acute treatment of concomitant ACL injuries us-ing primary repair or acute reconstruction. Several treatment methods for MCL injuries have been proposed, including primary repair, augmented repair with autograft tissue, or primary reconstruction. In this surgical technique article, we present the technique of acute primary MCL repair with internal bracing with 2 lim-ited/mini-open incisions. With this technique, early surgical intervention is possible, and early rehabilitation is safe because of the internal bracing. Advantages include fast recovery, avoidance of muscle atrophy because of early mobilization, prevention of residual valgus instability, and maintenance of proprioception.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of posterior subtenon interferon alpha-2b (IFN-α2b) combined with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on central macular thickness (CMT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients with macular edema. Methods: This observational analytical study included 40 eyes diagnosed with macular edema secondary to diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), or age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). All patients received a single session of intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25mg/0.05ml) with posterior subtenon IFN-α2b (1mlU/ml). Outcomes were evaluated through CMT using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and BCVA on the LogMAR scale at baseline and post-injection follow-up. Results: Mean CMT decreased significantly from 507.9 ± 162.8 µm to 286.5 ± 78.6 µm (mean change −221.4 µm, p < 0.001) changes seen on October one month post injection. Mean BCVA improved from 1.13 ± 0.36 to 0.78 ± 0.25 LogMAR (mean gain −0.35 LogMAR, p < 0.001). All etiological groups (DME, RVO, and ARMD) showed significant anatomical and visual improvement. Severe macular edema (>500 µm) showed the largest CMT reduction (−354.4 µm) and BCVA improvement (−0.46 LogMAR). CMT reduction correlated strongly with visual improvement (ρ = 0.689, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Posterior subtenon IFN-α2b combined with intravitreal bevacizumab significantly reduces macular edema and improves visual outcomes. It is a promising steroid-sparing adjunct especially in severe or refractory cases.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains one of the most common causes of bladder outlet obstruction in ageing men. Among electrosurgical methods, transurethral bipolar enucleation of the prostate (B-TUEP/BipolEP/TUEB) and monopolar transurethral enucleation of the prostate (M-TUEP/mTUEP) use similar mechanical principles but differ in current delivery, irrigation environment, hemostatic profile, and electrolyte safety. Aim: The present paper aims to compare bipolar and monopolar prostate enucleation for BPH with respect to perioperative efficiency, safety, early and intermediate functional outcomes, and practical applicability in resource-variable settings. Materials and Methods: This paper is a structured comparative review based on guideline statements, technical descriptions, and comparative clinical literature addressing transurethral prostate enucleation with bipolar and monopolar energy for symptomatic BPH. Extracted outcome domains included operative time, resected tissue weight, symptom scores, peak urinary flow, catheterization duration, length of stay, bleeding, electrolyte changes, irrigation-related risk, and postoperative complications such as acute retention, urinary tract infection, and incontinence. Results: The most consistent finding across the comparative literature is that bipolar and monopolar transurethral enucleation provide broadly comparable efficacy in terms of adenoma clearance and postoperative symptom relief, but bipolar technology offers a more favorable intraoperative safety profile. The bipolar arm had significantly less intraoperative bleeding, shorter catheterization, shorter hospitalization, and higher intraoperative serum sodium stability, while the monopolar arm showed lower mean sodium and one case of transurethral resection syndrome. Conclusion: The available comparative evidence indicates that bipolar enucleation should be preferred because it reduces bleeding risk, shortens catheterization and admission time, and avoids the electrolyte vulnerability associated with non-saline monopolar systems. Monopolar enucleation nevertheless remains a clinically valid and pragmatic alternative in settings where bipolar technology is unavailable or unaffordable, provided that the surgeon is experienced and perioperative monitoring is meticulous. Future comparative work should strengthen the evidence base with multicenter randomized trials, standardized reporting of complications, and longer follow-up for durability, retreatment rates, and functional recovery.

Aim: This study evaluates serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and magnesium in DR patients compared to controls and non-retinopathic diabetics to assess their diagnostic and prognostic utility. The primary aim was to determine if these biomarkers correlate with DR severity, particularly proliferative DR (PDR), and establish cut-off values for clinical use. Materials and Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted at a Department of Biochemistry Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal India, from January 2025 to December 2025, involving 120 participants: 40 healthy controls, 40 type 2 diabetics without retinopathy (NODR), 20 with non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and 20 with PDR. Inclusion criteria included age 40-70 years, confirmed type 2 diabetes >5 years, and fundoscopic grading per Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) criteria. Exclusion criteria encompassed other ocular diseases, renal failure, or recent anti-VEGF therapy. Results: VEGF-A levels were significantly elevated in PDR (1521 ± 450 ng/mL) vs NPDR (850 ± 250 ng/mL), NODR (450 ± 150 ng/mL), and controls (250 ± 80 ng/mL; p<0.001). ET-1 was higher in DR groups (PDR: 16 ± 4 pg/mL; NPDR: 12 ± 3 pg/mL) vs NODR (8 ± 2 pg/mL) and controls (5 ± 1.5 pg/mL; p<0.001), with SMD 1.73 (95% CI 0.90-2.56). Magnesium was reduced in PDR (1.62 ± 0.13 mg/dL) vs NPDR (1.75 ± 0.14 mg/dL), NODR (1.92 ± 0.15 mg/dL), controls (2.25 ± 0.16 mg/dL; p<0.001). ROC analysis yielded AUC 0.975 for VEGF-A (cut-off 1521 ng/mL), 0.96 for ET-1 (16 pg/mL), and 0.837 for magnesium (1.7 mg/dL). Conclusion: Elevated VEGF-A and ET-1, alongside hypomagnesemia, are robust biomarkers distinguishing DR stages, with high predictive accuracy for PDR. These findings support their integration into screening protocols for high-risk diabetics, potentially enabling early intervention and reducing vision loss burden. Longitudinal studies are recommended to validate prognostic value.

Background: Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most serious complications following total knee arthroplasty, leading to significant morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. Despite advances in surgical techniques and infection control measures, the burden of PJI remains substantial, particularly in patients with associated comorbidities. Objectives: To study the clinico-demographic profile, microbiological spectrum, management strategies, and outcomes of prosthetic joint infection in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A hospital-based observational study was conducted over a period of two years at a tertiary care hospital in Western India. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with prosthetic joint infection following total knee arthroplasty were included. Data regarding demographic characteristics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, microbiological findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes were collected using a structured proforma. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests, and p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The majority of patients belonged to the elderly age group with a female predominance. Osteoarthritis (80.0%) was the most common indication for surgery. Diabetes mellitus and obesity were the most frequent comorbidities and showed a significant association with poor outcomes. Pain (100%) was the most common presenting symptom. Staphylococcus aureus (40.0%) was the predominant organism isolated. Debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR, 40%)) was the most commonly employed treatment modality, while two-stage revision (30.0%) was used in chronic cases. A favourable outcome was observed in the majority of patients; however, adverse outcomes were associated with delayed presentation, gram-negative infections, and presence of comorbidities. Conclusion: Prosthetic joint infection remains a challenging complication of total knee arthroplasty. Early diagnosis, appropriate surgical intervention, and optimization of risk factors are crucial for improving outcomes. Strengthening infection control practices and adopting standardized management protocols can further reduce the incidence and impact of PJI.

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit affecting adolescents and adults, often leading to significant clinical and psychosocial burden. Aim: To evaluate the clinical profile, severity patterns, and therapeutic outcomes of patients with acne vulgaris. Methodology: This hospital-based retrospective observational study included 80 patients aged ≥12 years attending the Department of Skin & VD, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, duration, family history, site of involvement, Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) severity grading, treatment modalities, and follow-up outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. Results: The majority of patients were aged 17–25 years (60%) with female predominance (57.5%). Most had disease duration of 1–3 years (42.5%) and positive family history (65%). Moderate acne (IGA Grade 3) was most common (37.5%). Combination therapy (oral antibiotics with topical agents) was the preferred treatment (35%). At follow-up, 72.5% showed moderate to marked improvement. Conclusion: Acne vulgaris predominantly affects young adults with moderate severity and demonstrates favorable response to guideline-based combination therapy, though individualized management remains essential.

Background: Hyperpigmented skin disorders are common dermatological conditions, particularly in populations with darker skin types, and have significant cosmetic and psychosocial impact. Aim: To analyze the prevalence and patterns of hyperpigmented skin disorders in a dermatology OPD. Methodology: A retrospective, hospital-based descriptive study was conducted over 8 months in the Department of Skin & VD, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar. A total of 90 patients with clinically diagnosed hyperpigmented disorders were included. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of patients belonged to the 21–30 years age group (24.44%), with female predominance (57.78%). Melasma (28.89%) was the most common disorder, followed by post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (24.44%). The face was the most frequently affected site (44.44%). Most patients (31.11%) presented within 6 months of lesion onset. Conclusion: Hyperpigmented disorders are highly prevalent, especially among young females, with melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation being the most common. Early presentation and predominant facial involvement highlight the need for timely diagnosis and preventive strategies.

Background: Leprosy remains a public health concern in India, with a high proportion of multibacillary (MB) cases indicating ongoing transmission and delayed diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of admitted leprosy patients and assess disease patterns over seven months. Methodology: This retrospective, descriptive study included 90 admitted leprosy patients at a Department of Skin & VD, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India from July 2025–January 2026. Data on demographics, clinical spectrum, smear status, disabilities, and treatment were collected from medical records and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Most patients were males (62.2%) and belonged to 21–60 years (66.6%). MB forms predominated, with borderline lepromatous (33.3%) being most common. Smear positivity was high (64.4%). Type I reaction (31.1%) and disabilities (27.8%) were frequent. Although 68.9% had no disability, claw hand was the most common deformity. Over half (53.3%) were newly diagnosed. Most patients presented within 6–12 months (31.1%), but 18.9% had delays >2 years. Conclusion: The predominance of MB cases, reactions, and delayed presentation highlights the need for early diagnosis, improved surveillance, and timely treatment to reduce transmission and disability.

Background: Autoimmune bullous disorders (ABDs) are rare, chronic mucocutaneous diseases characterized by autoantibody-mediated blister formation and significant morbidity. Aim: To analyze the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory profile, and treatment patterns of ABDs in a tertiary dermatology department. Methodology: This retrospective observational study at Department of Skin & VD, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India.  included 67 patients with histopathology- and direct immunofluorescence-confirmed ABDs. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, comorbidity, therapeutic, and relapse data were extracted from medical records and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: Intraepidermal (n=34) and subepidermal (n=33) diseases were nearly equally distributed. Pemphigus vulgaris (82.4%) predominated among intraepidermal disorders (mean age 48.9 years; M:F 1.25:1), while bullous pemphigoid (72.7%) was most common among subepidermal disorders (mean age 62.8 years; slight female predominance). Hypertension and diabetes were frequent, particularly in subepidermal cases. Azathioprine was the most commonly used adjuvant in both groups. Relapses were more frequent in intraepidermal disorders (35.3% single relapse). Conclusion: ABDs showed distinct age and comorbidity patterns. Intraepidermal diseases had higher relapse rates, highlighting the need for individualized long-term management.

Aim: This study aims to compare the progression of post-COVID interstitial lung disease (ILD) with idiopathic ILD, primarily idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), in terms of pulmonary function decline, radiological changes, and survival outcomes. Post-COVID ILD emerges as a sequela in severe SARS-CoV-2 cases, while idiopathic ILD follows a relentlessly progressive course. By analyzing longitudinal data, we seek to identify differences in forced vital capacity (FVC) decline, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and mortality, informing targeted therapies like antifibrotics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study included 100 patients: 50 with post-COVID ILD (diagnosed 3-6 months post-discharge, severe COVID history) and 50 with idiopathic ILD (IPF confirmed by HRCT/MDCT and biopsy where needed). Inclusion: age 40-75, FVC >40% predicted at baseline. Exclusion criteria included significant comorbidities such as heart failure and active smoking. Assessments at baseline, 6, 12, 24 months: PFTs (FVC, DLCO), 6MWT, HRCT (fibrosis score 0-5). Progression defined as ≥10% FVC decline or ≥15% DLCO decline. Stats: t-tests, ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: Post-COVID ILD showed initial FVC 82.4% vs 71.2% in idiopathic ILD (p<0.01). Annual FVC decline: 4.2% post-COVID vs 9.8% idiopathic (p<0.001). DLCO decline: 12% vs 18% (p=0.02). Radiological fibrosis score increased 1.2 points post-COVID vs 2.1 idiopathic at 24 months (p<0.05). Mortality at 24 months was 12% in post-COVID ILD compared with 32% in idiopathic ILD (hazard ratio 2.8, p = 0.003). Improvement in 28% post-COVID cases vs 4% idiopathic. Conclusion: Post-COVID ILD progresses more slowly than idiopathic ILD and demonstrates potential for regression, in contrast to the inexorable decline observed in IPF. Early intervention may help halt disease progression in post-COVID cases. These findings support close monitoring and further evaluation of antifibrotic therapies in post-COVID ILD.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is emerging as a major health concern globally. CKD patients on hemodialysis are at a higher risk for developing bacteremia. This study aimed at finding out the bacteriological profile with its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in patients undergoing hemodialysis in nephrology department, Government medical college Kottayam. Methods: This was a Descriptive study conducted over a period of one year (April 2024-March 2025) at Department of Microbiology Kottayam. Paired Blood samples collected in conventional & automated blood culture received from 235 chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis were processed, isolates identified & appropriate antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. Results: Out of 235 patients,53 patients had a positive blood culture showing the prevalence of bacteremia as 22.56%. 66% of patients were males whereas females were 33.96%. Higher incidence of bacteremia was found in patients above 50 yrs. Among the isolates 50.94% were Gram negative bacteria as compared to 49.05% Gram positive bacteria. As per our study among the gram-negative bacteria causing bacteremia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 (35.71%) was the predominant organism followed by Klebsiella species 7 (25%), Acinetobacter species 4(14.29%), Elizabethkingae meningoseptica 3(10.71%), Burkholderia cepacia 2(7.14%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1(3.57%), Pantoea species 1(3.57%). Out of 26 isolates of Gram-positive organisms, 7(26.92%) were Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, 9 (34.61%) were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 6(23.07%) were Methicillin resistant Coagulase negative Staphylococci and 4(15.38%) were Enterococcus spp. Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa 60% isolates were sensitive to Ceftazidime,40% isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, 20% isolates were sensitive to cotrimoxazole,100 % isolates are susceptible to Piperacillin Tazobactum, Imipenam & Meropenam. MRSA strains were 100% Resistant to Penicillin and Cefoxitin, 66.66% were susceptible to cotrimoxazole, 20% were susceptible to Gentamicin, 33.33% were susceptible to Erythromycin, 66.66% susceptible to Clindamycin, 88.88% were susceptible to Doxycycline, 100 % were susceptible to Vancomycin and Linezolid. Conclusion: The increased use of antibiotics in this particular subset of patients and their recurrent exposure to the healthcare system, there has been a rise in the incidence of infections with multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. Thus, identification of locally prevalent pathogens is important for optimal care in patients since the choice of empiric treatment or prophylactic antibiotics depends on the prevalent pathogens in a local community.

Background: Refractive error is the most common and avoidable cause of visual impairment among school children. Early detection and correction are essential to prevent long-term visual disability. Objective: To determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive error among government school children in Angul district, Odisha. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among 1,006 schoolchildren. Data were collected from the school-based vision screening program conducted from December 2025 to February 2026 in 44 schools in the rural and urban regions of Angul district of Odisha under the National Program for Control of blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI). Results: A total of 10,935 schoolchildren from 44 schools in the age group 6 -17 years were examined. Of these children, 1006 had refractive error. Average age was 12.7 +- 2.0 years (range 6-17 years). There were boys (36%) and girls (64%). The prevalence of refractive error was 9.2%. Myopia (6.6%) and astigmatism (2.5%) were more common than hypermetropia (0.07%). The prevalence of refractive error among boys was 9.2%, and among girls was 9.1%. 77 % children were from the general category, 13% from the scheduled caste, and 10% from the scheduled tribe. Conclusion: A notable proportion of children with refractive error were either undiagnosed or not using corrective measures. Therefore, coordinated effort involving schools, parents and health care providers is essential to implement effective screening and awareness initiatives.

Background: Hypertension produces progressive vascular changes that may lead to subclinical involvement of the central nervous system. The brainstem auditory pathway is particularly vulnerable due to its high metabolic demand. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs) provide an objective and sensitive method for detecting early auditory brainstem dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate and compare BAEP parameters in hypertensive patients and age- and sex-matched normotensive controls. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study included 70 participants aged 40–60 years, comprising 35 essential hypertensive patients and 35 normotensive controls. BAEP recordings were obtained using monaural click stimuli at 40, 50, and 60 dB sensation levels. Absolute latencies of waves I, III, and V, interpeak latencies (I–III, III–V, I–V), and wave amplitudes were analyzed. Statistical comparison was performed using Student’s unpaired t-test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Hypertensive patients showed significant prolongation of wave III and V latencies and increased interpeak latencies III–V and I–V at all stimulus intensities (p < 0.05), while wave I latency remained unaffected. Wave III and V amplitudes were significantly altered at higher intensities, indicating impaired central auditory conduction with preserved peripheral auditory nerve function. Conclusion: Essential hypertension is associated with early subclinical dysfunction of central auditory brainstem pathways. BAEP is a useful, non-invasive tool for early detection and monitoring of central nervous system involvement in hypertensive patients.

Background: Pediatric trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children differ anatomically and physiologically from adults, requiring specialized trauma assessment and surgical management. Understanding injury trends and outcomes is essential for improving trauma care. Objective: To evaluate trends, management patterns, and outcomes of pediatric trauma surgery cases admitted over a two-year period. Methods: From January 2021 to December 2022, 100 pediatric trauma patients who needed surgical intervention participated in a retrospective observational study. Analysis was done on demographic information, injury type, mechanism of injury, surgical techniques, complications, hospital stay, and results. SPSS version 24 was used for statistical analysis. A p-value of less than 0.05 was deemed significant. Results: Road traffic accidents were the commonest cause of trauma (38%), followed by falls (32%) and blunt abdominal trauma (15%). Orthopedic injuries were most frequent (40%), followed by abdominal injuries (28%) and head injuries requiring surgery (18%). Emergency surgery was required in 72% cases. Postoperative complications occurred in 16% patients. Favorable recovery was seen in 90%, while mortality was 4%. Delayed presentation was significantly associated with complications (p=0.01). Conclusion: Traffic accidents and falls are the main causes of pediatric trauma, which continues to be a major surgical burden. Results can be enhanced by interdisciplinary pediatric trauma care, early intervention, and trauma prevention techniques.

Introduction: Neuromuscular blocking agents are commonly used during general anesthesia to facilitate endotracheal intubation and optimize surgical operations. Timely and effective reversal is crucial to prevent residual paralysis and postoperative complications. Aims: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of sugammadex and neostigmine in reversing neuromuscular blockade in patients undergoing surgery. Settings and Design: A prospective parallel arm quasi-experimental study conducted at a tertiary care hospital, involving 40 adult patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia. Methods and Material: Patients were alternatively allocated into group S (n=20), received Sugammadex 2mg/kg and group N (n=20) received Neostigmine 0.05mg/kg with Glycopyrrolate 0.01mg/kg at the return of the second twitch on Train of Four (TOF) monitoring. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Sugammadex significantly reduced recovery time to TOF ≥0.9 (4.12±1.91 min) compared to neostigmine (12.25 ± 2.94 min; p<0.001). The time M1 and M2 was also shorter in the sugammadex group (p < 0.01). Postoperative heart rate and blood pressure were significantly lower in the sugammadex group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sugammadex provides a faster, safer, and more hemodynamically stable reversal of neuromuscular blockade than neostigmine in adult surgical patients.

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have been the significant advancements of Science and Technology. Artificial intelligence (AI) a broad term that describes the use of machine-based learning algorithms and software, in healthcare settings. In diagnosing, treating and preventing diseases in paediatric population, AI could play a pivotal role. Paediatrics, a field that could have many practical challenges such as comorbidities, emergency admissions, and a lack of access to paediatric care providers, that could hinder quality and care provided to the patients. AI if implemented in paediatrics can streamline the work-force and help in clinical decision-making by making better use of clinician’s knowledge and time. However various ethical concerns exist, regarding data privacy and safety. Instead of complete automation, it would be better to focus on collective human-support AI systems. Moreover, it is crucial that the explainability of AI models, potential opportunities, and challenges when integrating ML in healthcare, especially for the pediatric population, need to be evaluated. The present study is done with the aim of identifying role of AI in various domains in paediatrics. To analyse the ethical concerns in AI use in Paediatrics. Objective: The study is planned to analyse the role of AI in various Paeidatric domains, to explore the potential benefits and limitations of AI integration into Paediatric healthcare systems. Methods: A systematic analysis was carried out by analysing articles indexed in PubMed Central, Embase, SCOPUS journals in the English language. This methodical approach involved a comprehensive search, selection, and synthesis of relevant studies to address. The ethical concerns with its use, that are associated with AI use in paediatric population have been analysed. Results: There is emerging literature on uses of Artificial intelligence in paediatrics. AI promises to improve accuracy, early diagnosis and treatment. The role of AI in paediatrics, the importance of various algorithms in diagnosing diseases such as neonatal jaundice, neonatal sepsis, traumatic brain injury, in various endocrine diseases and in malignancies have been analysed. The role of AI has shown promising results in early and non-invasive diagnosis in neonatal jaundice and neonatal sepsis, in classification of paediatric malignancies. However legal and ethical issues need to be addressed in more detail.

Background: Deep neck space infections (DNIs) are potentially fatal disorders that affect the neck’s deep cervical spaces and fascial planes. Due to their fast growth, complicated architecture, and closeness to critical structures including the airway, major arteries, and mediastinum, DNIs continue to provide important therapeutic issues even though their prevalence has decreased in the antibiotic era. The most frequent etiological causes are still tonsillopharyngeal and odontogenic infections, which are frequently impacted by concomitant diseases, delayed presentation, and poor dental hygiene. Aim: To compare conservative and surgical treatment for patients with deep neck space infections in order to assess the clinical profile, etiological variables, management approaches, and results. Methodology: At a Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna. 75 people who had been identified with deep neck space infections were looked at in a historical observational study. Analysis was done on demographic information, etiology, affected neck spaces, treatment technique, complications, and results. Result: The majority of patients were between the ages of 21 and 60, and male preponderance was seen. The submandibular space was most commonly affected, and odontogenic infection was the most prevalent cause. In most cases, surgery was necessary. For several patients, conservative treatment worked. With minimal rates of complications and death, the majority of patients fully recovered. Conclusion: For deep neck space infections to have the best possible results, early diagnosis, suitable imaging, and prompt action are essential.

Background: Urinary ^‘tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in clinical practice, with rising antimicrobial resistance complicating their management, particularly in urology settings. Aim: To retrospectively assess the demographic profile, clinical presentation, microbiological spectrum, and risk factors associated with UTIs in patients attending the urology department. Methodology: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Urology at Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital, Bihta, Patna over 12 months. A total of 80 adult patients with confirmed UTIs were included. Data were collected from medical records, and urine samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential tools. Results: The majority of patients were aged ≥60 years (27.50%) with male predominance (57.50%). Dysuria (72.50%) and urinary frequency (65.00%) were the most common symptoms. Escherichia coli (47.50%) was the predominant pathogen, followed by Klebsiella spp. (20.00%). Major risk factors included previous UTI (40.00%), recent antibiotic use (37.50%), and catheterization (35.00%). Conclusion: UTIs are more prevalent among elderly patients with identifiable risk factors. Early diagnosis, targeted therapy, and antimicrobial stewardship are essential to improve outcomes and limit resistance.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of myopia on vision related quality of life by evaluating their stereopsis and contrast sensitivity. Methods: This is a hospital-based, cross sectional analytical study conducted on 150 young patients with myopia. After a detailed evaluation of anterior and posterior segment using slit lamp bio microscopy to rule out any other concurrent ocular comorbidity, UCVA, BCVA was assessed using Snellen’s chart. Stereopsis and contrast sensitivity were assessed using Titmus Dots and Circles chart and Pelli Robson chart respectively. Posterior segment was evaluated using indirect ophthalmoscopy with 20D to rule out any other pathology. Descriptive statistics, namely, mean, standard deviation to express quantitative variables wherever applicable. Correlation between myopia and stereopsis and correlation between myopia and contrast sensitivity was analyzed by using Chi-square test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Among total 150, 64 (42.7 %) were myopes, 61 (40.7 %) had simple myopic astigmatism, 25 (16.7 %) had compound myopic astigmatism. Contrast sensitivity was found decreased in 78.1% myopes, 65.6% simple myopic astigmatism, 48% compound myopic astigmatism. Further, contrast sensitivity was abnormal in 67.3% with mild myopia (<3D); in 72.7% with moderate myopia (3-6D) and 100% with high myopi (>6D) respectively. There was a strong negative correlation showing that, as the severity of myopia increased, the contrast sensitivity loss increased too. A statistically significant reduction in stereopsis was also noted with increase in degree of refractive error. Conclusion: Myopic refractive error is associated with reduced stereopsis and contrast sensitivity, causing a negative impact on vision related quality of life. Early detection and correction of same needs added emphasis particularly in the growing years to ensure both good quality of vision and visual acuity.

Introduction: Acute cholecystitis following endoscopic common bile duct (CBD) stone removal is a recognized but underreported complication. Identifying the risk factors associated with post-procedural cholecystitis is important for early diagnosis, prevention, and appropriate management. Aim: To evaluate the risk factors of acute cholecystitis after endoscopic common bile duct (CBD) stone removal. Materials and Methods: This study included patients who underwent endoscopic removal of CBD stones. Demographic data, clinical history, gallbladder status, stone characteristics, procedural details, and post-procedural outcomes were analyzed. Patients were followed for the development of acute cholecystitis. Risk factors such as gallbladder stones, cystic duct obstruction, multiple or large stones, gallbladder wall thickening, and history of biliary symptoms were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed to identify significant predictors. Results: Acute cholecystitis developed in a subset of patients following CBD stone removal. The presence of gallbladder stones, especially multiple or large stones, was a significant risk factor. Patients with cystic duct obstruction or impaired gallbladder emptying showed a higher incidence of cholecystitis. A prior history of biliary colic or cholangitis was also associated with increased risk. Procedural factors such as incomplete clearance of biliary sludge and post-endoscopic papillary edema may have contributed to gallbladder stasis and subsequent inflammation. Post-ERCP complications show variable timing, with pancreatitis occurring early (2.5 ± 1.2 days) and cholangitis (8.0 ± 3.9 days) and acute cholecystitis (12.0 ± 5.8 days) presenting later, underscoring the need for both immediate and delayed surveillance. Conclusion: Acute cholecystitis after endoscopic CBD stone removal is associated with identifiable risk factors, including gallbladder stones, impaired cystic duct patency, and pre-existing biliary disease. Careful patient selection, close post-procedural monitoring, and consideration of prophylactic cholecystectomy in high-risk patients may help reduce the incidence of this complication.

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing haemodialysis are at increased risk of acquiring and transmitting blood-borne infections, particularly Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Monitoring of Hepatitis B DNA viral load is essential for early detection, disease monitoring, and infection control in dialysis units. Aim: To quantify Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load in patients undergoing haemodialysis for chronic kidney disease and to assess the burden of viral replication in this high-risk population. Materials and Methods: This study is designed as a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study conducted in the Department of Nephrology and Dialysis Unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of one year. The study population includes patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease who are receiving regular maintenance haemodialysis during the study period. A total of 122 patients undergoing haemodialysis were included as the sample size for analysis. Results: Among the total 122 patients, vaccination status showed a significant association with HBV DNA positivity. Out of 46 fully vaccinated patients, 3patients (6.5%) were HBV DNA positive. Among 38 partially vaccinated patients, 8 patients (21.1%) were HBV DNA positive. In contrast, among 38 non-vaccinated patients, 16 patients (42.1%) were HBV DNA positive. Overall, 27 patients (22.1%) patients were HBV DNA positive in the study population. The association between vaccination status and HBV DNA positivity was statistically highly significant (p = 0.004). Conclusion: HBV DNA viral load monitoring is crucial in haemodialysis patients for early identification of active and occult infections. Routine molecular screening, along with strict infection control measures and vaccination programs, is essential to reduce HBV transmission in dialysis units.

Background: Accurate prediction of labour progress during ^‘the first stage remains challenging with conventional clinical assessments, which are often subjective. Intrapartum ultrasonography offers objective parameters, including the fetal occiput–spine angle (OSA), reflecting fetal head flexion and alignment. Aim: To evaluate the role of fetal occiput–spine angle during the first stage of labour as a predictor of labour progress and outcome. Methodology: This prospective observational study included 90 term women in active labour with singleton, cephalic pregnancies. Transabdominal ultrasound was used to measure OSA on admission. Labour progress, duration of labour stages, need for oxytocin augmentation, mode of delivery, and maternal and fetal outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0, including ROC curve analysis. Results: Women with OSA <126° had significantly prolonged first and second stages of labour, higher oxytocin requirements, increased abnormal labour progress, higher caesarean section rates, and more maternal and fetal complications compared to those with OSA ≥126°. An OSA cut-off of 126° showed good sensitivity and specificity in predicting adverse outcomes. Conclusion: Fetal occiput–spine angle is a simple, reliable ultrasound marker for predicting labour progress and outcome, with potential value in intrapartum risk stratification.

Background: Accurate detection of occult cervical lymph node metastasis in clinically N0 neck remains a major challenge in upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma (UADT SCC), significantly influencing prognosis and treatment decisions. Aim: To compare the diagnostic performance of PET/CT with conventional imaging modalities (USG and CECT) in detecting occult nodal metastasis. Methodology: This prospective observational study included 80 patients with histopathologically confirmed UADT SCC and clinically N0 neck. All patients underwent preoperative USG, CECT, and 18F-FDG PET/CT, followed by neck dissection. Histopathology served as the gold standard. Diagnostic parameters were calculated and compared. Results: Occult metastasis was detected in 35% of patients. PET/CT demonstrated superior performance with sensitivity (89.3%), specificity (92.3%), and accuracy (91.3%), compared to CECT (75%, 84.6%, 81.3%) and USG (64.3%, 76.9%, 72.5%). PET/CT also showed the highest PPV (86.2%) and NPV (94.1%). Conclusion: PET/CT is more accurate than USG and CECT in evaluating clinically N0 neck and may help reduce unnecessary interventions. However, it should be used as an adjunct within a multimodal diagnostic approach.

Background: Early and accurate detection of recurrent colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is crucial for timely treatment planning and improving patient outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the role of ¹⁸F‑FDG PET/CT in detecting recurrent CRC and its impact on patient management. Methodology: This retrospective observational study included 65 previously treated CRC patients who underwent ¹⁸F‑FDG PET/CT for suspected recurrence, rising CEA levels, or equivocal conventional imaging. PET/CT findings were analyzed and correlated with clinical data and subsequent changes in management. Result: PET/CT detected local recurrence in 21.5%, distant metastases in 40%, and both in 18.5% of patients, while 20% showed no evidence of disease. The most common metastatic sites were liver and lymph nodes. PET/CT findings led to a change in treatment strategy in 29.2% of cases. Conclusion: ¹⁸F‑FDG PET/CT is a valuable imaging modality for detecting recurrent CRC and significantly influences patient management.